[ G.R. No. 48977, February 23, 1944 ]
CONCEPCION SUDARIO ET AL, REPRESENTED BY FELISA SUDARIO, PLAINTIFFS AND APPELLANTS, VS. ACRO TAXI CAB CO., INC., AND LAMBERTO YUSON, DEFENDANTS AND APPELLEES.
D E C I S I O N
BOCOBO, J.:
In this case we are called upon to decide the legal question of how far the definite dismissal of an information for homicide through reckless negligence, on motion of the fiscal, after arraignment, and without the consent of the accused precludes a
subsequent civil action. More specifically, does such a dismissal bar a later civil action for culpa aquiliana?
Concepción, Fé and Sinforiano Sudario, minor children of the late Agapito Sudario, through their guardian Felisa Sudario, bring an action for damages against the Acro Taxi Cab Co. Inc., and Lamberto Yuson for the gross negligence of Yuson (a taxi driver employed by defendant corporation) who on April 5, 1939, caused the taxi to hit Agapito Sudario hurling him against an acacia tree, as a result of which Sudario died. Plaintiffs pray that defendants be ordered to pay P1,000 solidarily as damages.
It appears that as a result of the tragic death of Agapito Sudario, the Provincial Fiscal of Rizal on May 26, 1939 filed an information against Lamberto Yuson for homicide through reckless negligence. No reservation of a separate civil action was made. Upon arraignment on June 16, 1939, the accused pleaded "not guilty". But on October 2, 1939, the Fiscal moved for the dismissal of the case, stating: "Without the testimonies of the eye-witnesses above-mentioned, the undersigned does not have any other evidence to support the information and consequently can not procure the conviction of the accused."
The Court of First Instance of Rizal made the following order:
After a careful consideration, we hold that while the court a quo was right in declaring that the dismissal of the criminal case against Lamberto Yuson put an end thereto and precluded a civil action based upon the crime of homicide through reckless negligence, the trial court was, however, in error by failing to recognize that a civil action for culpa aquiliana was not barred. It is admitted by the attroney for defendant Acro Taxi Cab Co., Inc., that "plaintiffs brought this action under the provisions of articles 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code". A reading of the complaint herein shows that its theory is culpa aquiliana. For example, solidary (not subsidiary) liability is demanded from the employer, Acro Taxi Cab Co. Inc. The court a quo should therefore have examined the evidence presented at the trial of the civil case, with a view to determining the liability of defendants for culpa aquiliana under articles 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code. For this reason, the case should be remanded to the trial court for decision upon the evidence thus adduced by both parties.
The principles governing the relation between a criminal prosecution and a civil action have been examined by us in Barrado vs. Garcia et al., (G. R. No. 49006, promulgated July 6, 1942; 73 Phil., 607). But inasmuch as there is a seemingly significant difference between that case and the present, because the taxi driver therein had been convicted in a criminal proceeding, while here the criminal case was definitely dismissed after arraignment, we shall make a further study with a view to clarifying some of these principles.
The pith of the instant case lies in the distinction between culpa aquiliana (or quasi-delito or culpa extracontractual) on the one hand and civil liability resulting from a crime on the other. Because of such line of cleavage between those two legal institutions, it is clear that the defendants, in spite of the dismissal of the criminal case which is equivalent to an acquittal may still be responsible for damages on culpa aquiliana under articles 1902 and 1903, Civil Code, which provide thus:
The Spanish Civil Code and the Spanish jurists are positive and unequivocal in distinguishing culpa aquiliana governed by the Civil Code from civil responsibility regulated by the Penal Code. Under the Spanish Civil Code, there are five sources of obligations, namely: (1) law; (2) contracts; (3) quasi-contracts; (4) delicte or criminal acts; and (5) quasi delicto. This classification may be perceived in articles 1089, 1092, and 1093, which read:
The distinction between civil liability arising from a crime and civil responsibility under the Civil Code is clearly seen in the following extracts from Manresa's work: (Manresa, Comentarios al Código Civil Español, Vol. 12, pp. 596, 600-601).
It is thus, that the responsibility for culpa aquiliana or quasi-delito as an independent juridical institution, separate from civil liability arising from a crime, is of ancient lineage and has come down through the centuries to the present Civil Code of Spain. It can not therefore be ignored by confusing it as the trial court did with civil responsibility which results from the commission of a penal offense.
In consequence of the unquestionable distinction between civil liability arising from a crime and responsibility for culpa aquiliana or quasi-delito, we hold that although by reason of the previous dismissal of the criminal case, no civil action could be brought by the heirs of Agapito Sudario on the Penal Code theory of civil liability resulting from homicide through reckless negligence, nevertheless a civil action could still be brought against the defendants on the Civil Code theory of culpa aquiliana or quasi-delito.
The Supreme Tribunal of Spain and the Spanish jurists, among them the eminent Maura, have declared this doctrine by recognizing such a distinction. We shall first see some decisions of the highest court of Spain, then examine Maura's views, and then study some cases in Philippine jurisprudence which are claimed to be contrary to the rule herein formulated.
Among the applicable decisions of the Supreme Tribunal of Spain are those of February 19, 1902, October 19, 1904; and October 21, 1910.
In the case decided on February 19, 1902, the action was for culpa aquiliana for the death of plaintiff's mother who had been run over by a street car. The Supreme Court of Spain laid down this doctrine. (Jurisprudencia Civil. Vol. 93, p. 268.)
We come now to the authoritative voice of the distinguished jurist, Maura, whose opinions, published under the title of "Dictámenes" have added to the wealth of the legal literature of Spain. In Vol. 6 (pp. 483-628) of that publication there is a "Dictamen" dated September 24, 1919, which precisely covers the question at issue herein and whose powerful reasoning should commend itself to all who have always entertained the belief that acquittal in a criminal case or its dismissal completely wipes out all civil liability for damages. The facts which gave rise to the "consulta" were as follows: On the morning of October 29, 1917, there was a collision between a train of the Ferrocarril del Norte and another of the Ferrocarril Cantábrico, many persons having been killed or injured, and material damage was caused to both railroad companies. Constantino Pareja, an employee as a flagman, of the Ferrocarril del Norte, was prosecuted for simple negligence in a criminal action for having given the right of way to the Cantábrico train before the scheduled time. The Ferrocarril del Norte was made a party because of its subsidiary civil liability. The Ferrocarril Cantábrico reserved its civil action. Both the employee and the employer were absolved. The Ferrocarril del Norte contended that this judgment of acquittal cancelled all responsibility and barred any civil action. The question asked in the "consulta" was whether the Ferrocarril Cantábrico, in spite of such acquittal, could still bring a civil action against the Ferrocarril del Norte for damages. Maura in his "Dictamen" answered in the affirmative. The following extracts from his opinion will throw a flood of light upon the instant case: (A. Maura, Dictámenes, Vol. 6, pp. 802-806, 505-508, and 512-518.)
It should also be specially noted that in the case treated of in the foregoing "dictamen" of Maura, the employer, Ferrocarril del Norte, had been made a party in the criminal action because of its subsidiary civil liability, and that said railroad company had been absolved in the criminal proceeding, together with its employee. In the present case, the Aero Taxi Cab Co. Inc. was not made a party in the criminal action and was not exonerated; so with greater reason it could be made liable in an action based on culpa aquiliana.
Attention is likewise invited to Maura's interpretation of Art. 116 of the Spanish Code of Criminal Procedure, as to when a subsequent civil action is barred. He says in effect that the meaning of said provision is that no civil action can brought later if the court's decision in the criminal case declares that the event complained of did not take place at all, as when the supposed wounded man suffered no wounds whatsoever, or when the alleged victim of homicide is alive, or when the supposed stolen article was always in the possession of the owner. It seems that the purpose of Art. 116 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which is reproduced in sec. 1, par. (d) of Rule 107 of the Rules of Court is to avoid a conflict between such declaration in the criminal case and a judgment for plaintiff in a subsequent civil case. On the other hand, there can be no conflict where there is no such declaration. Thus, in the instant case, the definite dismissal of the information on action of the fiscal, after arraignment, for insufficiency of evidence there being no declaration of the Court that Agapito Sudario had not been run over at all does not perforce signify that in a later action on culpa aquiliana, a finding of negligence based on Arts. 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code, after both parties have presented all their respective proofs, would be incompatible with the aforesaid dismissal of the criminal prosecution. For the sake of clarity, the two provisions under examination will now be quoted:
Art. 116, Spanish Code of Criminal Procedure:
We shall now examine the cases relied upon by the trial court.
The case of Wise & Co. vs. Larion, 45 Phil. 514, refers to an acquittal in a criminal case for estafa, which, being a malicious act, can not, after acquittal, come under Article 1902 of the Civil Code.
Almeida vs. Abarca, 8 Phil. 178 was different because the civil liability therein claimed was predicated on the crime of arson, and not on culpa aquiliana. In the following passage this court impliedly recognized that if the civil action had been based on the theory of quasi-delito, the complaint might have been meritorious:
The case of Gonzales vs. Judge of First Instance of Bulacan et al., G. R. No. 48233 concerned the right of the offended party to exact civil responsibility as the result of a penal offense. There was no question of culpa aquiliana.
Finally, we must reiterate our belief expressed in Barredo vs. Garcia et al., (73 Phil., 607), that the remedy for culpa aquiliana should be given its due importance in the Philippines for the better protection of private rights. The legal profession in this country has by habit relied mostly on the civil liability resulting from a crime and has almost entirely forgotten the remedy for culpa aquiliana or cuasi-delito under articles 1902-1910 of the Civil Code. In consequence, many civil wrongs have been entirely without indemnity or have been inadequately redressed, for it is harder to secure conviction in a criminal case for reckless negligence because the guilt of the accused must be proved beyond reasonable doubt, whereas culpa aquiliana can be shown by a mere preponderance of evidence in a civil case under articles 1902-1910 of the Civil Code. It is also known that there has grown up a practice of the trial courts of uniformly awarding only P1,000.00 (at present P2,000.00) for the death of a person brought about by the negligence of the defendant in a criminal case. For failure of the party concerned to appeal from this often inadequate amount of damages, the appellate courts have had an opportunity to review this question. If the remedy for culpa aquiliana were availed of more frequently, justice would be more likely to be achieved by the victims or their heirs.
The serious inadequacy of the remedy of civil liability derived from a crime springs from the inherent absurdity and injustice of the plan of the Penal Code, which makes civil indemnity depend upon the result of the criminal action. In the realm of principles, the idea is wrong, for there are fundamental differences between the criminal prosecution and the civil action arising from a crime. Among these differences are: (1) the former is for public vindication because of the disturbance of the social order, while the latter is for the defense of a private right or interest; (2) the plaintiff in the former is the State while in the latter an individual person; (3) in the former, the plaintiff is at a disadvantage because, among other reasons, the guilt of the accused must be proved beyond reasonable doubt, penal laws are strictly construed, and the accused enjoys certain special rights, while in the latter, plaintiff and defendant stand on equal footing. So the civil liability resulting from a criminal offense is but a mirage and can not quench the plaintiff's thirst for justice and relief. But the wonder of it all is why the legal profession has cherished the futility of such remedy and ignored the effectiveness of an action on culpa aquiliana, which has its own important place in the scheme of our legal system. The trouble does not lie in our laws but in the failure of our lawyers and judges to apply them properly.
The mission of the courts is not merely passive, by limiting themselves to the precise issues of law presented to them. They must see to it that the legal system of the country is understood as a unified, integral whole, with the relations of the various parts clearly envisaged by the legal profession. It is thus a significant function and duty of the courts to enhance the sound development of jurisprudence. One of the means for the purpose is to restore into full efficacy those juridical institutions whose force has been overlooked. Therefore, we must voice our opinion that it would make for a stronger safeguard of private rights if remedies for private wrongs were sought in a civil action, absolutely without any connection with any criminal proceeding. The civil liability arising from a crime depends upon the result of the criminal case, which is under the control of the public prosecutor whose main concern is the penalty prescribed for the offense, the civil indemnity being incidental so far as he is concerned. In fact, certain practices in criminal cases have developed which reduce the civil aspect to a mere routine. On the other hand, if damages caused by culpa or negligence are sought under articles 1902-1910 of the Civil Code, the civil action is separate and independent; the plaintiff alone controls the pleadings and the presentation of proofs; there will be more opportunity to show the real amount of damages; and judgment may be secured by a simple preponderance of evidence.
Consequently, we contemplate with grave concern the relegation of the remedy for culpa aquiliana, a weapon which in the Philippines has for generations been rusting in the armory of the law, while the many victims of personal injuries and the heirs of numerous persons who have died as a result of others negligence had to suffer from the almost complete uselessness of another weapon: the civil liability arising from a crime. It is thus that in countless cases of extracontractual negligence, there has been a failure, through the oversight of the legal profession, to render every one his due cum quious tribuere which is the very marrow of justice. In the interest of right and for the wholesome growth of the Philippine legal system, it is hoped that the members of the bench and bar will turn their attention more and more to the remedy for culpa aquiliana.
Wherefore, the judgment appealed from should be and is hereby reversed, and the case shall be remanded to the trial court which shall determine from the evidence whether or not defendants are liable for culpa aquiliana under Arts. 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code, and render judgment accordingly.
With costs against defendants-appellees. So ordered.
Moran, Horrilleno, and Paras, JJ., concur.
Yulo, C. J., I concur in the foregoing opinion of Mr. Justice Ozaeta.
[1] There might be some exceptions. See essay on "La Cosa Juzgada y la Acción Civil" by Atisto Mortáre, in the "Revista General de Legislación y Jurisprudencia", Vol. 87, pp. 384-426.
CONCURRING AND DISSENTING
Ozaeta, J.:
I dissent from the statement in the majority opinion that the trial court "was right in declaring that the dismissal of the criminal case against Lamberto Yuson * * * precluded a civil action based upon the crime of homicide through reckless negligence." I hold that the trial court erred in so declaring because section 1 (d) of Rule 107 expressly provides the contrary in the following language:
The pertinent allegations of plaintiffs' complaint in this case are as follows:
I concur in the reversal of the judgment appealed from and in the remand of the case to the Court of origin for decision on the merits.
Concepción, Fé and Sinforiano Sudario, minor children of the late Agapito Sudario, through their guardian Felisa Sudario, bring an action for damages against the Acro Taxi Cab Co. Inc., and Lamberto Yuson for the gross negligence of Yuson (a taxi driver employed by defendant corporation) who on April 5, 1939, caused the taxi to hit Agapito Sudario hurling him against an acacia tree, as a result of which Sudario died. Plaintiffs pray that defendants be ordered to pay P1,000 solidarily as damages.
It appears that as a result of the tragic death of Agapito Sudario, the Provincial Fiscal of Rizal on May 26, 1939 filed an information against Lamberto Yuson for homicide through reckless negligence. No reservation of a separate civil action was made. Upon arraignment on June 16, 1939, the accused pleaded "not guilty". But on October 2, 1939, the Fiscal moved for the dismissal of the case, stating: "Without the testimonies of the eye-witnesses above-mentioned, the undersigned does not have any other evidence to support the information and consequently can not procure the conviction of the accused."
The Court of First Instance of Rizal made the following order:
"Sometida la moción de sobreseimiento en la causa arriba titulada presentada por el Fiscal, y encontrándola bien fundada, el Juzgado, sobresee esta causa y declara cancelada la fianza prestada por el acusado para su libertad provisional, con las costas de oficio."Later, however, that is, on January 27, 1940, plaintiffs herein filed the present civil action in the Court of First Instance of Leyte. A motion by defendant Aero Taxi Cab Co., Inc., to dismiss was denied by the Hon. F. Borromeo Veloso on September 10, 1940. Trial of this civil case was held in December 1940 and January 1941, when both parties submitted their respective proofs, consisting of oral testimonies, depositions and exhibits. Defendant Lamberto Yuson was adjudged to be in default on December 16, 1940. On May 12, 1941, the Court of First Instance of Leyte, presided over by the Hon. Fernando Hernandez, rendered judgment, dismissing the complaint on a question of law, without going into the merits of the evidence. The trial court declared:
"En la causa que nos ocupa, si bien es verdad que no hubo una sentencia absolutioria pero la accion judicial termino con una mocion del fiscal provincial por el fundamento de que no existian pruebas que demostraron la imprudencia del acusado, habien dose presnetado esta mocion despues de haver sido ledia la querella contra el acusado. El auto dictado por el Tribunia competenee viene a ser una sentencia absolutioria y constituye un obstaculo para un proceso ulterior contra el acusado para una accion civil proveniente del delito.Plaintiffs appealed from the foregoing judgment.
"Por las razones arriba expuestas, nos vemos constrenidos a declara que el sobreseimiento de la causa criminal contra el aqui demandado Lamberto Yuson, ha dado por efecto exonerar a este del alegado delito y, en su consecuencia, la accion civil proveniente del mismo es improcedente.
"En vista de la conclusion a que hemos llegado sobre este particular, creemos innecesario analizar las pruebas de los demandantes sobre los meritos de la causa en su fondo." (p. 20, Record on Appeal.)
After a careful consideration, we hold that while the court a quo was right in declaring that the dismissal of the criminal case against Lamberto Yuson put an end thereto and precluded a civil action based upon the crime of homicide through reckless negligence, the trial court was, however, in error by failing to recognize that a civil action for culpa aquiliana was not barred. It is admitted by the attroney for defendant Acro Taxi Cab Co., Inc., that "plaintiffs brought this action under the provisions of articles 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code". A reading of the complaint herein shows that its theory is culpa aquiliana. For example, solidary (not subsidiary) liability is demanded from the employer, Acro Taxi Cab Co. Inc. The court a quo should therefore have examined the evidence presented at the trial of the civil case, with a view to determining the liability of defendants for culpa aquiliana under articles 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code. For this reason, the case should be remanded to the trial court for decision upon the evidence thus adduced by both parties.
The principles governing the relation between a criminal prosecution and a civil action have been examined by us in Barrado vs. Garcia et al., (G. R. No. 49006, promulgated July 6, 1942; 73 Phil., 607). But inasmuch as there is a seemingly significant difference between that case and the present, because the taxi driver therein had been convicted in a criminal proceeding, while here the criminal case was definitely dismissed after arraignment, we shall make a further study with a view to clarifying some of these principles.
The pith of the instant case lies in the distinction between culpa aquiliana (or quasi-delito or culpa extracontractual) on the one hand and civil liability resulting from a crime on the other. Because of such line of cleavage between those two legal institutions, it is clear that the defendants, in spite of the dismissal of the criminal case which is equivalent to an acquittal may still be responsible for damages on culpa aquiliana under articles 1902 and 1903, Civil Code, which provide thus:
"Art. 1902. El que por acción u omisión causa daño a otro, interviniendo culpa o negligencia, está obligado a reparar al daño causado.In other words, although acquittal in a criminal case or its definite dismissal as a general rule[1] impedes the civil liability arising from the alleged crime, nevertheless, the civil action for damages on account of culpa aquiliana or quasi-delito according to said two articles of the Civil Code still subsists.
"Art. 1903. La obligación que impone el artículo anterior es exigible, no sólo por los actos u omisiones propios, sino por los de aquellas personas de quienes se debe responder.
"El padre, y, por muerte o incapacidad de éste, la madre, son responsables de los perjuicios causados por los hijos menores de edad que viven en su compañía.
"Los tutores lo son de los perjuicios causados por los menores incapacitados que están bajo su autoridad y habitan en su compañía.
"Lo son igualmente los dueños o directores de un establecimiento o empresa, respecto de los perjuicios causados por sus dependientes en el servicio de los ramos en que los tuvieran empleados o con ocasión de sus funciones.
"El estado es responsable en este concepto cuando obra por mediación de agente especial; pero no cuando el daño hubiese sido causado por el funcionario a quien propiamente corresponda la gestión practicada, en cuyo caso será aplicable lo dispuesto en el artículo anterior.
"Son, por último, responsables los maestros o directores de artes y oficios respecto a los perjuicios causados por sus alumnos o aprendices, mientras permanezcan bajo su custodia.
"La responsabilidad de que trata este artículo cesará cuándo las personas en él mencionadas prueban que emplearon toda la diligencia de un buen padre de familia para prevenir el daño."
The Spanish Civil Code and the Spanish jurists are positive and unequivocal in distinguishing culpa aquiliana governed by the Civil Code from civil responsibility regulated by the Penal Code. Under the Spanish Civil Code, there are five sources of obligations, namely: (1) law; (2) contracts; (3) quasi-contracts; (4) delicte or criminal acts; and (5) quasi delicto. This classification may be perceived in articles 1089, 1092, and 1093, which read:
"Art. 1089. Las obligaciones nacen de la ley, de los contratos y quasi-contratos, y de los actos y omisiones ilícitos o en que intervenga cualquier género de culpa o negligencia.De Diego gives the history of the sources of obligations thus: (De Diego, Curso Elemental de Derecho Español, Cocún y Foral, Vol. 5, pp. 218-219, 221.)
"Art. 1092. Las obligaciones civiles que nazcan de los delitos o faltas se regirán por las disposiciones del Código Penal.
"Art. 1093. Los que se derivan de actos u omisiones en que intervenga culpa o negligencia no penadas por la ley, quedarán sometidas a las disposiciones del Capítulo II del título XVI de este libro."
"LOS ACTOS JURÍDICOS, expresión de la voluntad, en consideración a la cual producen obligaciones, con o BILATERALES (CONTRATOS) fuente normal de las obligaciones, o UNILATERALES, para los contados casos en que, según algunas legislaciones, producen también obligación.Manresa traces the development of culpa aquiliana, as follows: (Manresa, Comentarios al Código Civil Español, Vol. 12, p. 598.)
Los otros hechos origen de obligaciones, con independencia y aun contra la voluntad de los interesados, son de varia naturaleza, y los de mayor relieve son los Hechos Ilícitos, verdaderas agresiones a la esfera juridica de otro, y los Hechos Lícitos y permitidos o producción de especiales estados, para cuya regulación o desaparición existe una necesidad y se impone una obligación (a ésta pertenecen los antiguos cuasicontratos).
"DOCTRINA DEL DERECHO ROMANO Y DE LOS INTÉRPRETES. Esta teoría no es más que una nueva expresión, con arreos más científicos de los 'antiguos de intérpretes romanos y modernos.'
"Sayo, en su 'Áureos', había dicho que las obligaciones nacen de los contratos, de los delitos y de otras varias causas que no se atrevió a calificar. (Obligationes mascuntur est ex contractu aut ex maleficio aut propio quedam jure ex variis causarum figuris;)
"Esas otras causas, la jurisprudencia posterior advirtió que tenían pronunciadas analogías o con los contratos o con los delitos, y de aquí que en las 'Instituciones' de Justiniano apareciesen ya desenvueltas y asimiladas esas varias causas al contrato ('quasi ex contractu') o al delito ('quasi ex delicto'), de donde surgieron las cuatro fuentes de las obligaciones; contrato, quasi-contrato, delito y quasi-delito, convirtiendo aquellas meras semejanzas 6 agrupaciones en entidades independientes (quasi contrato y quasi delito)"
"DOCTRINA DE LOS CÓDIGOS MODERNOS, ESPECIALMENTE DEL ESPAÑOL. Los Códigos modernos se encontraron con la clasificación tradicional de las fuentes, y la aceptaron en general; pero agregando una nueva fuente la ley, para todas aquellas obligaciones que no podían relacionarse o explicarse por consecuencia de aquellos hechos definidos de contrato, cuasicontrato, delito y cuasidelito. Esta es la fórmula del Código civil italiano, y ésta, en otros términos, es la doctrina del español. . . ."
"En el derecho romano la ley Aquilia sentó ya al principio de que estaba obligado a indemnizar todo aquel que cometiere un daño por culpa o imprudencia, especificando el grado de esta responsabilidad en multitud de casos y de circunstancias. La doctrina propia de la teoría romana fue trasladada más o menos íntegramente a las leyes del título 15 de la Partida 7.a las cuales constituían nuestro derecho civil positivo hasta la publicación del Código que comentamos, pues si bien el penal en sus artículos 18, 19, 20, y 21 habían consignado la responsabilidad civil como consecuencia de la penal, extendiéndola en determinados casos a personas distintas de las que ejecutaron los hechos de que trajera su origen, es lo cierto que esa responsabilidad civil se refiere a hechos o actos distintos de los que producen las obligaciones objeto de este capítulo, pues aquella se contrae por hechos u omisiones punibles con arreglo a la ley y éstas provienen de actos u omisiones que sin estar penadas por ella son, sin embargo, culpables civilmente.The nature of the civil responsibility for an illicit act, apart from any crime, may be judged by reading these passages in Sanchez Roman's work:
"El Código civil reproduce el sentido general del antiguo derecho, si bien, concordando sus preceptos con las teorías modernas, impone las obligaciones derivadas de la culpa o negligencia, no sólo al causante del daño, sino a veces a una tercera persona que debe responder por él, por estar ligada a éste por vínculos tales que lo hagan responsables de sus actos; y aun establece otros casos de responsabilidad que son, o una reproducción de la acción moral o la extensión de ésta a otros daños de circunstancias análogas."
(Sanchez Roman, Derecho Civil, Vol. 4, pp. 136-137.)It will be seen that according to Sanchez Roman, liability for unlawful acts of a civil character is quite broad. Therefore, how can it be maintained that the mere acquittal in a criminal case of homicide through reckless negligence, or a dismissal thereof, puts an end to any and all rights of action for civil damages under the Civil Code?
"4. De modo más sintético y expresivo, y con verdad, pero sin que por esto lograra mayor concreción la especialidad de la tesis relativa a las fuentes de las obligaciones, se ha dicho que éstas proceden de dos causas, a saber: la ley y los hechos.
*******
"Con arreglo a esta doctrina, y aceptando su generalidad, en el concepto de obligación y en sus causas, procedería después clasificar esos hechos en cuatro grupos:
"1. Hechos lícitos creados mediante la voluntad concordada de varias personas: su especie, el contrato.
"2. Hechos lícitos voluntarios o involuntarios, pero aquéllos sin voluntades concordadas; y estos últimos; imputables también a cierto sujeto, para la responsabilidad de prestaciones, que ellos en justicia originen, por ministerio de la ley: su especie, el llamado quasi-aonürato.
"3. Hechos ilícitos de carácter civil, qué no lleguen, por tanto, a la categoría de penables y sean voluntarios o involuntarios, pero en este caso imputables sus especies, las prestaciones y responsabilidades originadas en el dolo que no constituya delito, en la mora, en la culpa, en el caso fortuito, cuando no sirva de hipótesis quasi-contrato.
"4. Hechos ilícitos voluntarios y penables; sus especies, el delito y la falta, según la tecnología legal."
The distinction between civil liability arising from a crime and civil responsibility under the Civil Code is clearly seen in the following extracts from Manresa's work: (Manresa, Comentarios al Código Civil Español, Vol. 12, pp. 596, 600-601).
"Si bien en ocasiones es difícil precisar si tiene carácter meramente civil o penal el mal producido por la acción o la omisión, en la generalidad de los casos, merced a la perfecta y clara determinación que en la actualidad se observa en la ciencia jurídica respecto de dichas órdenes, fácil es dar forma legal al concepto jurídico de las obligaciones consiguientes de la culpa y negligencia como caso distinto de las responsabilidades civiles propias de todo delito o falta. (Italics supplied.)The distinction between civil liability under the Penal Code and culpa aquiliana under Arts. 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code has been recognized by this Court in Bernal and Enverso vs. House and Tacloban Electric & Ice Plant, Ltd., 54 Phil., 327, and Arambulo vs. Manila Electric Co., 55 Phil., 73. These two cases were cited in the recent case of Barredo vs. Garcia et al., supra.
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"En efecto; examinando detenidamente la teoría general de la culpa y de la negligencia, se observa que, tanto en una como en otra de dichas causas, hay tres géneros o tres especies distintas, a saber:
"1.a La que representa una acción u omisión voluntaria por la que resulte incumplida una obligación anteriormente constituida.
"2.a La que sin existencia de una obligación anterior produce un daño o perjuicio que, teniendo su origen en un hecho ilícito, no reviste los caracteres de delito o falta; y
"3.a La que teniendo por origen un hecho que constituye delito o falta produce una responsabilidad civil como accesoria de la responsabilidad criminal.
"La primera de estas tres especies de culpa o negligencia es siempre accesoria de una obligación principal, cuyo incumplimiento da origen a la teoría especial de la culpa en materia de contratos y el estudio de ésta debe hacerse al examinar cada contrato, en especial, como lo hicimos así, analizando entonces los peculiares efectos de dicha culpa en cada uno de ellos.
"La tercera de las especies citadas es accesoria también, pues no puede concebirse su existencia sin la de un delito o falta que la produzca. Es decir, que sólo el lado de la responsabilidad criminal puede subsistir esa responsabilidad civil y la obligación proveniente de la culpa, indicada como una consecuencia de la responsabilidad criminal, y por consiguiente, su examen y regulación pertenecen al derecho penal.
"Como consecuencia de ello, resulta que la única especie de culpa y omisión o negligencia que pueda ser y es materia del presente capítulo, es la segunda, o sea la que sin la existencia de una obligación anterior, y sin ningún antecedente contractual, produce un daño o perjuicio que tiene su origen en una acción u omisión culpable sólo civilmente; es decir, que siendo ilícita no revista, sin embargo, los caracteres de un delito o falta por no estar penada por la ley.
It is thus, that the responsibility for culpa aquiliana or quasi-delito as an independent juridical institution, separate from civil liability arising from a crime, is of ancient lineage and has come down through the centuries to the present Civil Code of Spain. It can not therefore be ignored by confusing it as the trial court did with civil responsibility which results from the commission of a penal offense.
In consequence of the unquestionable distinction between civil liability arising from a crime and responsibility for culpa aquiliana or quasi-delito, we hold that although by reason of the previous dismissal of the criminal case, no civil action could be brought by the heirs of Agapito Sudario on the Penal Code theory of civil liability resulting from homicide through reckless negligence, nevertheless a civil action could still be brought against the defendants on the Civil Code theory of culpa aquiliana or quasi-delito.
The Supreme Tribunal of Spain and the Spanish jurists, among them the eminent Maura, have declared this doctrine by recognizing such a distinction. We shall first see some decisions of the highest court of Spain, then examine Maura's views, and then study some cases in Philippine jurisprudence which are claimed to be contrary to the rule herein formulated.
Among the applicable decisions of the Supreme Tribunal of Spain are those of February 19, 1902, October 19, 1904; and October 21, 1910.
In the case decided on February 19, 1902, the action was for culpa aquiliana for the death of plaintiff's mother who had been run over by a street car. The Supreme Court of Spain laid down this doctrine. (Jurisprudencia Civil. Vol. 93, p. 268.)
"Considerando que los mismos preceptos legales revelan con igual claridad que lo dispuesto en el artículo 1092 del Código es para el caso de que los Tribunales de lo Criminal hagan declaraciones dentro de los límites de su competencia que tengan que servir de base a los de lo civil; pero cuando esto no ocurre, por fundarse el sobre seimiento meramente en no haberse justificado en la causa los hechos determinantes de la responsabilidad penal, se impone la aplicación del precepto del artículo 1093 para juzgar de la culpa o negligencia en su aspecto civil sin que en este sentido haya cometido, por lo tanto, la Audiencia de Madrid ninguna de las infracciones alegadas en los tres primeros motivos del recurso."The decision of October 19, 1909 referred to an action for charges in the amount of 25,000 pesetas because of the death of plaintiff's son who had been attacked by a bull belonging to defendant. A criminal case was instituted, which was dismissed by the Audiencia provincial; that order of dismissal was declared final by the Sala de lo Criminal of the Supreme Tribunal of Spain. The defendant in the civil case was ordered to pay 3,000 pesetas by way of damages. On appeal by defendant, the cassation was denied, the Supreme Court of Spain holding:
"Considerando que el artículo 1905 del Código Civil no consiente otra interpretación que la que clara y evidentemente se deriva de sus términos literales, bastando, según el mismo, que un animal cause perjuicio para que nazca la responsabilidad del dueño aún no imputándose a éste ninguna clase de culpas o negligencia habida, sin duda, cuenta por el legislador de que tal concepto de dueño es suficiente para que arrastre las consecuencias favorables o adversas de esta clase de propiedad, salvo la excepción en el mismo contenido, y esto ya sean perjuicios inferidos en las cosas, ya con más razón en las personas, por su mayor trascendencia, sin que a ello obste el resultado de la causa original referida, por ser en uno y en otro caso distinto el aspecto de la responsabilidad, siendo, consiguientemente, de desestimar los motivos primero y segundo del recurso, en el sentido que queda expuesto. . ." (Italics supplied.)The sentence of October 21, 1910, of the Supreme Tribunal of Spain was already cited by us in Barredo vs. Garcia et al., supra. In that Spanish case, Ramon Lafuente had been run over and killed by a street car pertaining to the Compañía Eléctrica Madrileña de Tracción. The conductor was prosecuted in a criminal proceeding but he was acquitted. A civil motion for damages was then instituted by the widow; the lower court rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff, but an appeal was taken by the defendant alleging violation of Articles 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code because by final judgment the lack of fault or negligence had been declared. However, the Supreme Court of Spain upheld the judgment appealed from, and made the following pronouncements which are applicable to the present case:
"Considerando que el primer motivo del recurso se funda en el equivocado supuesto de que el Tribunal a quo, al condenar a la Compañía Eléctrica Madrileña al pagó del daño causado con la muerte de Ramón Lafuente Izquierdo, desconoce el valor y efectos jurídicos de la sentencia absolutoria dictada en la causa criminal que se siguió por el mismo hecho, cuando es lo cierto que de éste han conocido las dos jurisdicciones bajo diferentes aspectos, y como la de lo criminal declaró dentro de los límites de su competencia que el hecho de que se trata no era constitutivo de delito por no haber mediado descuido o negligencia graves, lo que no excluye, siendo este el único fundamento del fallo absolutorio, el concurso de la culpa o negligencia no calificadas fuente de obligaciones civiles según el articulo 1902 del Código civil, y que alcanzan, según el 1903 entre otras personas, a los Directores de Establecimientos o Empresas por los daños causados por sus dependientes en determinadas condiciones, es manifesto que la de lo civil, al conocer del mismo hecho bajo este último aspecto y al condenar a la Compañía recurrente a la indemnización del daño causado por uno de sus empleados, lejos de infringir los mencionados textos, en relación con el artículo 116 de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal, se ha atenido estrictamente a ellos, sin invadir atribuciones, ajenas a su jurisdicción propia, ni contrariar en lo más mínimo el fallo recaído en la causa. (Italics supplied.)The above decisions, and others that could be cited, clearly demonstrate the principle that acquittal in a criminal case for reckless negligence or its definite dismissal does not preclude a civil action on culpa aquiliana under Articles 1902 and 1903 of the Spanish Civil Code.
We come now to the authoritative voice of the distinguished jurist, Maura, whose opinions, published under the title of "Dictámenes" have added to the wealth of the legal literature of Spain. In Vol. 6 (pp. 483-628) of that publication there is a "Dictamen" dated September 24, 1919, which precisely covers the question at issue herein and whose powerful reasoning should commend itself to all who have always entertained the belief that acquittal in a criminal case or its dismissal completely wipes out all civil liability for damages. The facts which gave rise to the "consulta" were as follows: On the morning of October 29, 1917, there was a collision between a train of the Ferrocarril del Norte and another of the Ferrocarril Cantábrico, many persons having been killed or injured, and material damage was caused to both railroad companies. Constantino Pareja, an employee as a flagman, of the Ferrocarril del Norte, was prosecuted for simple negligence in a criminal action for having given the right of way to the Cantábrico train before the scheduled time. The Ferrocarril del Norte was made a party because of its subsidiary civil liability. The Ferrocarril Cantábrico reserved its civil action. Both the employee and the employer were absolved. The Ferrocarril del Norte contended that this judgment of acquittal cancelled all responsibility and barred any civil action. The question asked in the "consulta" was whether the Ferrocarril Cantábrico, in spite of such acquittal, could still bring a civil action against the Ferrocarril del Norte for damages. Maura in his "Dictamen" answered in the affirmative. The following extracts from his opinion will throw a flood of light upon the instant case: (A. Maura, Dictámenes, Vol. 6, pp. 802-806, 505-508, and 512-518.)
"Pero aconteció que el Jurado dio veredicto de inculpabilidad, el cual trae aparejada, sin disyuntiva posible, el fallo de libre absolución. Puesto que resultaba no haberse perpetrado delito, el Tribunal del proceso, tan sólo tenía jurisdicción para absolver; quedaba negado, suprimido radicalmente, el asiento de su competencia. Sin duda de ningún linaje, la inexistencia del delito, y la consiguiente inexistencia de responsabilidad, tanto penales como civiles, que fueron nacidas del delito mismo, quedó estatuida para siempre, de modo irrevocable.The foregoing opinion of Maura is applicable to the case under consideration because in both cases there was an acquittal in the criminal prosecution. It is to be specially noted that in the Spanish case on which Maura gave his "dictamen", the criminal prosecution was for simple negligence only, so that the acquittal established that there had not been even simple negligence under the penal code. In the instant case, where the criminal action was for reckless negligence, there is greater reason to hold that the dismissal in this case does not bar a civil action for culpa aquiliana.
"Esta causa juzgada obsta para cualquier, demanda que no sé pueda sostener sin imputarle al encargado, de la ocasión, Constantino Pareja, el delito de que se le acusó y salió absuelto. Si el caso hubiera sido diferente y la acusación versada sobre otra índole de delito, podría fácilmente convenir la dicha incompatibilidad; pero es obvio que la Compañía del Norte puede estar obligada a indemnizar de los quebrantos y menoscabos irrogados en el choque de los dos trenes consabidos, sin que para existir la tal obligación, se necesite que Constantino Pareja incurriese en aquel delito. Cabe muy bien que esta obligación civil de la Compañía exista sin que dimane de culpa de Pareja; más también puede resultar incurso el mismo Pareja en culpa o negligencia, cuantas de aquellas notas agravatorias que definen el delito y que les habrían hecho punibles. Lo único que pasó en autoridad de causa jurada, es qué no se cometió delito, ni es exigible responsabilidad nacida del delito. Fuera de esto, acerca de lo que no estuvo sub judice, no existe ni puede existir cosa juzgada.
"El solo caso en que la sentencia firme del proceso puede obstar al separado y ulterior ejercicio de la acción civil, es haber aquélla declarado que no existió el hecho de que lo civil hubiera podido nacer (artículo 116, Enjuiciamiento criminal). Por ejemplo: si el fallo del Tribunal en la causa, declara que no sufrió lesiones el supuesto herido, que está viva la supuesta víctima del homicidio, o que ha permanecido el dueño en posesión de la cosa que se suponía hurtada o robada, la Ley veda que en juicio civil, en son de exigir las consiguientes indemnizaciones, se pretenda la declaración de las lesiones, de la muerte, del hurto o del robo. Más se conoce a priori, y lo confirmará un examen analítico: que no puede tener aplicación el presente caso al veto excepcional del Art. 116, por ser a todas luces absurda la contingencia de haberse declarado que no existió el choque de los trenes, en la mañana del 20 de Octubre de 1917.
"Quedando las cosas así, a propósito de la realidad pura y neta de los hechos, todavía menos parece sostenible que exista cosa juzgada acerca de la obligación civil de indemnizar los quebrantos y menoscabos inferidos por el choque de los trenes. El título en que se funda la acción para demandar el resarcimiento, no puede confundirse con las responsabilidades civiles nacidas del delito, siquiera exista en éste, él cual sea, una culpa rodeada de notas agravatorias que motivan sanciones penadas más o menos severas. La lesión causada porito o falta en los derechos civiles, requiere restituciones, reparaciones o indemnizaciones, que cual la pena misma atañen al orden público; por tal motivo vienen encomendadas, de ordinario, al Ministerio Fiscal; y claro es que si por esta vía se enmiendan los quebrantos y menoscabos, el agraviado excusa procurar el ya conseguido desagravio; pero esta eventual coincidencia de los efectos, no borra la diversidad originaria de las acciones civiles para pedir indemnización.
"Estas, para el caso actual (prescindiendo de culpas contractuales, que no vendrían a cuento y que tienen otro régimen), dimanan, según al Art. 1902 del Código Civil, de toda acción u omisión, causante de daños o perjuicios, en que intervengan culpa o negligencia. Es trivial que acciones semejantes son ejercitadas ante los Tribunales de lo civil cotidianamente, sin que la Justicia punitiva tenga que mezclarse en los asuntos. Los arts. 18 al 21 y 121 al 128 del Código penal, atentos al espíritu y a los fines sociales y políticos del mismo, desenvuelven y ordenan la materia de responsabilidades civiles nacidas de delito, en términos separados del régimen por ley común de la culpa que se denomina aquüiana, por alusión a procedentes legislativos del Corpus juris. Sería intempestivo un paralelo entre aquellas ordenaciones, y la de la obligación de indemnizar a título de culpa civil; pero viene el caso y es necesaria una de las diferenciaciones que en el tal paralelo se notarían.
"Los arts. 20 y 21 del Código penal, después de distribuir a su modo las responsabilidades civiles, entre los que sean por diversos conceptos culpables del delito o falta, las hacen extensivas a las empresas y los establecimientos al servicio de los cuales están los delincuentes; pero con carácter subsidiario, o sea, según el texto literal, en defecto de las que sean responsables criminalmente. No coincide en ello el Código Civil, cuyo Art. 1903 dice: 'La obligación que impone el artículo anterior es exigible, no sólo por los actos y omisiones propios, sino por las de aquellas personas de quienes se debe responder'; personas en la enumeración de las cuales figuran los dependientes y empleados de los establecimientos o empresas, sea por actos del servicio, sea con ocasión de sus funciones. Por esto acontece, y se observa en la jurisprudencia, que las empresas, después de intervenir en las causas criminales con el carácter subsidiario de su responsabilidad civil por razón del delito, son demandadas y condenadas directa y aisladamente, cuando se trata de la obligación ante los Tribunales Civiles.
"Siendo, como se ve, diverso el título de esta obligación, y formando verdadero postulado de nuestro régimen judicial la separación entre justicia punitiva y tribunales de lo civil, de suerte que tienen unos y otros normas de fondo en distintos cuerpos leales, y diferentes modos de proceder, habiéndose, por añadidura, absterjo de asistir al juicio criminal la Compañía del ferrocarril Cantábrico, que se reservó ejercitar sus acciones, parece innegable que la de indemnización por los daños y perjuicios que le irrogó el choque, no estuvo sub judice ante el Tribunal del Jurado, no fue sentenciado, sino que permaneció intacta al pronunciarse el fallo de 21 de marzo. Aún cuando el veredicto no hubiera sido de inculpabilidad, mostróse más arriba que tal acción quedaba legítimamente reservada para después del proceso; pero al declararse que no existió delito, ni responsabilidad dimanada de delito, materia única sobre que tenían jurisdicción aquellos juzgadores, se redobla el motivo para la obligación civil ex lege, y se patentiza más y más que la acción para pedir su cumplimiento permanece incólume, extraña a la cosa juzgada. (Italics supplied.)
It should also be specially noted that in the case treated of in the foregoing "dictamen" of Maura, the employer, Ferrocarril del Norte, had been made a party in the criminal action because of its subsidiary civil liability, and that said railroad company had been absolved in the criminal proceeding, together with its employee. In the present case, the Aero Taxi Cab Co. Inc. was not made a party in the criminal action and was not exonerated; so with greater reason it could be made liable in an action based on culpa aquiliana.
Attention is likewise invited to Maura's interpretation of Art. 116 of the Spanish Code of Criminal Procedure, as to when a subsequent civil action is barred. He says in effect that the meaning of said provision is that no civil action can brought later if the court's decision in the criminal case declares that the event complained of did not take place at all, as when the supposed wounded man suffered no wounds whatsoever, or when the alleged victim of homicide is alive, or when the supposed stolen article was always in the possession of the owner. It seems that the purpose of Art. 116 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which is reproduced in sec. 1, par. (d) of Rule 107 of the Rules of Court is to avoid a conflict between such declaration in the criminal case and a judgment for plaintiff in a subsequent civil case. On the other hand, there can be no conflict where there is no such declaration. Thus, in the instant case, the definite dismissal of the information on action of the fiscal, after arraignment, for insufficiency of evidence there being no declaration of the Court that Agapito Sudario had not been run over at all does not perforce signify that in a later action on culpa aquiliana, a finding of negligence based on Arts. 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code, after both parties have presented all their respective proofs, would be incompatible with the aforesaid dismissal of the criminal prosecution. For the sake of clarity, the two provisions under examination will now be quoted:
Art. 116, Spanish Code of Criminal Procedure:
"La extinción de la acción penal no lleva consigo la de lo civil, a no ser que la extinción proceda de haberse declarado por sentencia firme que no existió el hecho de que la civil hubiese podido nacer.Rule 107, sec. 1 (d) of the Rules of Court reads:
"En los demás casos, la persona a quien corresponda la acción civil podrá ejercitarlo, ante la jurisdicción y por la vía civil que procede, contra quien estuviere obligado a la restitución de la cosa, reparación del daño o indemnización del perjuicio sufrido. (Italics supplied.)
"Extinction of the penal action does not carry with it extinction of the civil, unless the extinction proceeds from a declaration in a final judgment that the fact from which the civil might arise did not exist. In the other cases, the person entitled to the civil action may institute it in the jurisdiction and in the manner provided by law against the person who may be liable for restitution of the thing and reparation or indemnity for the damages suffered;It should be observed that the latter part of these two provisions is broad enough to include and warrant a subsequent civil action on culpa aquiliana.
We shall now examine the cases relied upon by the trial court.
The case of Wise & Co. vs. Larion, 45 Phil. 514, refers to an acquittal in a criminal case for estafa, which, being a malicious act, can not, after acquittal, come under Article 1902 of the Civil Code.
Almeida vs. Abarca, 8 Phil. 178 was different because the civil liability therein claimed was predicated on the crime of arson, and not on culpa aquiliana. In the following passage this court impliedly recognized that if the civil action had been based on the theory of quasi-delito, the complaint might have been meritorious:
"It has not been alleged or shown by the plaintiffs, as a cause of action instituted civilly against the defendant, that the aforesaid fire was caused through any fault or negligence on the part of the defendant, nor is there shown any motive or cause distinct from that act, the object of the case already terminated, in accordance with the provisions of articles 1893, 1902, and 1903 of the Civil Code;And when the case was appealed to the Federal Supreme Court, that tribunal said:
"First, by the positive legislation of the Philippine Codes, civil and criminal, a distinction is drawn between a civil liability which results from the mere negligence of the defendant and a liability for the civil consequence of a crime by which another has sustained loss or injury."The case of Francisco vs. Onrubia, (46 Phil. 327), is also founded on the civil liability under the Penal Code. Hence it is likewise different from the case under review.
The case of Gonzales vs. Judge of First Instance of Bulacan et al., G. R. No. 48233 concerned the right of the offended party to exact civil responsibility as the result of a penal offense. There was no question of culpa aquiliana.
Finally, we must reiterate our belief expressed in Barredo vs. Garcia et al., (73 Phil., 607), that the remedy for culpa aquiliana should be given its due importance in the Philippines for the better protection of private rights. The legal profession in this country has by habit relied mostly on the civil liability resulting from a crime and has almost entirely forgotten the remedy for culpa aquiliana or cuasi-delito under articles 1902-1910 of the Civil Code. In consequence, many civil wrongs have been entirely without indemnity or have been inadequately redressed, for it is harder to secure conviction in a criminal case for reckless negligence because the guilt of the accused must be proved beyond reasonable doubt, whereas culpa aquiliana can be shown by a mere preponderance of evidence in a civil case under articles 1902-1910 of the Civil Code. It is also known that there has grown up a practice of the trial courts of uniformly awarding only P1,000.00 (at present P2,000.00) for the death of a person brought about by the negligence of the defendant in a criminal case. For failure of the party concerned to appeal from this often inadequate amount of damages, the appellate courts have had an opportunity to review this question. If the remedy for culpa aquiliana were availed of more frequently, justice would be more likely to be achieved by the victims or their heirs.
The serious inadequacy of the remedy of civil liability derived from a crime springs from the inherent absurdity and injustice of the plan of the Penal Code, which makes civil indemnity depend upon the result of the criminal action. In the realm of principles, the idea is wrong, for there are fundamental differences between the criminal prosecution and the civil action arising from a crime. Among these differences are: (1) the former is for public vindication because of the disturbance of the social order, while the latter is for the defense of a private right or interest; (2) the plaintiff in the former is the State while in the latter an individual person; (3) in the former, the plaintiff is at a disadvantage because, among other reasons, the guilt of the accused must be proved beyond reasonable doubt, penal laws are strictly construed, and the accused enjoys certain special rights, while in the latter, plaintiff and defendant stand on equal footing. So the civil liability resulting from a criminal offense is but a mirage and can not quench the plaintiff's thirst for justice and relief. But the wonder of it all is why the legal profession has cherished the futility of such remedy and ignored the effectiveness of an action on culpa aquiliana, which has its own important place in the scheme of our legal system. The trouble does not lie in our laws but in the failure of our lawyers and judges to apply them properly.
The mission of the courts is not merely passive, by limiting themselves to the precise issues of law presented to them. They must see to it that the legal system of the country is understood as a unified, integral whole, with the relations of the various parts clearly envisaged by the legal profession. It is thus a significant function and duty of the courts to enhance the sound development of jurisprudence. One of the means for the purpose is to restore into full efficacy those juridical institutions whose force has been overlooked. Therefore, we must voice our opinion that it would make for a stronger safeguard of private rights if remedies for private wrongs were sought in a civil action, absolutely without any connection with any criminal proceeding. The civil liability arising from a crime depends upon the result of the criminal case, which is under the control of the public prosecutor whose main concern is the penalty prescribed for the offense, the civil indemnity being incidental so far as he is concerned. In fact, certain practices in criminal cases have developed which reduce the civil aspect to a mere routine. On the other hand, if damages caused by culpa or negligence are sought under articles 1902-1910 of the Civil Code, the civil action is separate and independent; the plaintiff alone controls the pleadings and the presentation of proofs; there will be more opportunity to show the real amount of damages; and judgment may be secured by a simple preponderance of evidence.
Consequently, we contemplate with grave concern the relegation of the remedy for culpa aquiliana, a weapon which in the Philippines has for generations been rusting in the armory of the law, while the many victims of personal injuries and the heirs of numerous persons who have died as a result of others negligence had to suffer from the almost complete uselessness of another weapon: the civil liability arising from a crime. It is thus that in countless cases of extracontractual negligence, there has been a failure, through the oversight of the legal profession, to render every one his due cum quious tribuere which is the very marrow of justice. In the interest of right and for the wholesome growth of the Philippine legal system, it is hoped that the members of the bench and bar will turn their attention more and more to the remedy for culpa aquiliana.
Wherefore, the judgment appealed from should be and is hereby reversed, and the case shall be remanded to the trial court which shall determine from the evidence whether or not defendants are liable for culpa aquiliana under Arts. 1902 and 1903 of the Civil Code, and render judgment accordingly.
With costs against defendants-appellees. So ordered.
Moran, Horrilleno, and Paras, JJ., concur.
Yulo, C. J., I concur in the foregoing opinion of Mr. Justice Ozaeta.
[1] There might be some exceptions. See essay on "La Cosa Juzgada y la Acción Civil" by Atisto Mortáre, in the "Revista General de Legislación y Jurisprudencia", Vol. 87, pp. 384-426.
Ozaeta, J.:
I dissent from the statement in the majority opinion that the trial court "was right in declaring that the dismissal of the criminal case against Lamberto Yuson * * * precluded a civil action based upon the crime of homicide through reckless negligence." I hold that the trial court erred in so declaring because section 1 (d) of Rule 107 expressly provides the contrary in the following language:
"(d) Extinction of the penal action does not carry with it extinction of the civil, unless the extinction proceeds from a declaration in a final judgment that the fact from which the civil might arise did not exist. In the other cases, the person entitled to the civil action may institute it in the jurisdiction and in the manner provided by law against the person who may be liable for restitution of the thing and reparation or indemnity for the damages suffered;"Under this rule the civil liability of the defendants arising from the crime of homicide through reckless imprudence was not extinguished by the dismissal of the criminal case without trial, on the merits, although such dismissal, having been made after the arraignment of the accused, extinguished the penal action.
The pertinent allegations of plaintiffs' complaint in this case are as follows:
"3 Que a eso de las 6:30 de la mañana del 5 de abril, 1939, un automóvil Taxi No. 941 de la propiedad de la corporación demandada y entonces manejado por el demandado Lamberto Yuson, uno de los chauffeurs de la misma, por la notoria negligencia de dicho chófer, atropello, apabulló a Agapito Sudario, padre de los mencionados menores demandantes, que entonces pasaba por la Calle Dominga, municipio de San Juan, Provincia de Rizal, Islas Filipinas, estrellándolo contra un tronco de acacia, de cuyas resultas dicho Agapito Sudario falleció casi instantáneamente;These allegations comprehend an obligation ex delicto; and although the liability therefor of the Aero Taxi Cab Co., Inc., is subsidiary, the joining of the said corporation in this same action against the principal obligor is permissible.
* * * * * * *
"5 Que como resultado de la muerte del mencionado Agapito Sudario, causada por la grave imprudencia y negligencia de parte del demandado Lamberto Yuson, chófer de la Corporación demandada, dichos menores demandantes han quedado desamparados y privados de su único sostén en la vida, causándoles daños y perjuicios por la cantidad de DiEg mil pesos (P10,000)."
I concur in the reversal of the judgment appealed from and in the remand of the case to the Court of origin for decision on the merits.