FIRST DIVISION
[ G.R. NOS. 153573-76, April 15, 2005 ]
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, APPELLEE, VS. WILSON SUAREZ Y VILLONES, SANTIAGO SUAREZ Y VILLONES (INDETERMINATE), RICARTE DARIA Y TENGSON (INDETERMINATE) AND NENA DARIA Y RIPOL (ACQUITTED), ACCUSED. WILSON SUAREZ Y VILLONES, APPELLANT.
D E C I S I O N
YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.:
On October 1, 2001, Wilson Suarez y Villones, Santiago Suarez y Villones, Ricarte Daria y Tengson and Nena Daria y Ripol, were charged with rape in the information[1] that reads:
All the accused entered a plea of not guilty. Thereafter, joint trial on the merits ensued.
The prosecution established that on September 15, 2001, Luzviminda Olaya sought permission from Salome Montales to allow her 14-year old daughter, Jenalyn Montales, to attend the birthday party of Santiago at his house in Ubas Street, Malanday, Marikina City. Jenalyn arrived at the party at 10 o'clock[2] in the evening accompanied by Salvador Olaya, Marlyn Altoza, Luzviminda, Jeffrey Olaya and Jocelyn Teraza. Aside from the celebrant, also present were accused-appellant and the spouses Ricarte and Nena.[3]
The celebration lasted until the early morning of September 16, 2001. When it was over, Jenalyn slept on the sofa while accused-appellant, Santiago and Ricarte slept on the mat spread out beside the sofa.
At around 2 o'clock in the morning of September 16, 2001, accused-appellant suddenly pulled down Jenalyn to the floor, forcibly undressed her and inserted his penis into her vagina. She could not shout as accused-appellant covered her mouth with clothes. While she was being raped by accused-appellant, Santiago and Ricarte held her hands and thighs, sucked her breasts and kissed her body. Jenalyn tried to awaken Jeffrey and Jocelyn to no avail. Nena woke up and focused the flashlight on her but did not do anything to help. When Jenalyn momentarily freed herself from accused-appellant, she ran to the comfort room nearby but the latter pursued her and, while sporting a knife, raped her again.
Jenalyn does not know the way back to their house in Antipolo as it was her first time in Marikina City. Thus, she waited until 8 o'clock in the morning and left Santiago's house together with Luzviminda, Jeffrey and Jocelyn. She told them of her harrowing experience but they only laughed at her.
When her mother later learned of her ordeal from a neighbor, they immediately reported the incident to the police. On September 26, 2001, Jenalyn was examined by Dr. Michael A. Maunahan, who found deep, healed hymenal lacerations about 5-11 days old.[4]
Accused-appellant denied having raped Jenalyn. He claimed that Salome harbored ill-feelings against his family because he and his uncle, Salvador, failed to reciprocate her feelings. At the same time, he insisted that Salome only wanted to extort money from them.
Santiago admitted that Jenalyn attended his birthday celebration but denied that they molested her. Nena also disclaimed that Jenalyn was raped. On the contrary, she averred that it was the latter who flirted with accused-appellant and during the celebration, Jenalyn even masturbated in their presence. She insisted that although Ricarte was her husband and related to accused-appellant and Santiago, she would not side with them if they committed something wrong.
Jeffrey, Jocelyn and Jomel Papillera likewise attended Santiago's birthday celebration but they alleged that they did not notice any rape incident.
On April 18, 2002, the Regional Trial Court, Branch 272, Marikina City, rendered a consolidated decision[5] the dispositive portion of which reads:
The Office of the Solicitor General refutes the foregoing allegations. It argues that a rape victim is not expected to keep an accurate account of her traumatic experience. It is likewise immaterial whether Jenalyn was kissed simultaneously or one at a time or whether the victim slept at 2 o'clock in the morning of September 16, 2001 or earlier. What is important is that the prosecution overwhelmingly established that the accused-appellant had carnal knowledge of Jenalyn against her will and without her consent.
It must be emphasized at the outset the settled rule that the testimony of a rape victim of tender or immature age deserves full credit.[8] In the recent case of People v. Pacheco[9] we held that:
The trial court observed, thus:
The perceived inconsistencies or contradictions by the defense refer to minor and insignificant details which, if considered, would not alter the outcome of the case. They do not even refer to the gravamen of the crime. Discrepancies referring only to minor details and collateral matters not to the central fact of the crime do not affect the veracity or detract from the essential credibility of witnesses' declarations, as long as these are coherent and intrinsically believable on the whole. The Court has recognized that even the most candid of witnesses make erroneous, confused or inconsistent statements, especially when they are young and easily overwhelmed by the atmosphere in the courtroom.[14] It would be too much to expect a 14-year-old to remember each detail of her harrowing experience.
We disagree with the observation that Jenalyn's unusual behavior after the alleged rape cast doubt on her credibility. Concededly, she seems uncertain whether or not she was wearing panties when she went to the comfort room. However, the hesitation of the 14-year-old victim should not be taken against her. Given the circumstances, she could not be expected to be accurate in every detail and error-free in her narration.
A truth-telling witness is not always expected to give an error-free testimony, considering the lapse of time and the treachery of human memory. Thus we have followed the rule in accord with human nature and experience that honest inconsistencies on minor and trivial matters serve to strengthen, rather than destroy, the credibility of a witness, especially of witnesses to crimes which shock the conscience and numb the senses. More importantly, the alleged inconsistencies referred to by the defense pertain to matters extraneous to the crime of rape that do not detract from the fact that the offended party had indeed been sexually defiled.[15]
It must be stressed that people may react differently to the same set of circumstances. There is no standard reaction of a victim in a rape incident.[16] Furthermore, not every victim of rape can be expected to act with reason or in conformity with the usual expectations of everyone. The workings of a human mind placed under emotional stress are unpredictable; people react differently. Some may shout, some may faint, while others may be shocked into insensibility.[17]
The delay on the part of the complainant in disclosing the sexual defilement to her mother is understandable. As the records would show, complainant did not immediately inform her mother about the incident because of fear. [18] Besides, it does not follow that because Luzviminda laughed at the allegation of the complainant that she was raped, then, they were not threatened at all by the accused-appellant. It could be that Luzviminda could not be easily cowed as Jenalyn because she did not suffer the same fate as the complainant; she was also related to the accused-appellant.
Besides, long silence and delay in reporting the crime of rape has not always been construed as an indication of a false accusation. This principle applies with greater force where, as in this case, the offended party was barely 14 years old and unlettered, and was therefore susceptible to intimidation and threats to physical harm.[19] More significantly, the 10-day delay is not unreasonable. We have had cases where the delay in reporting the crime lasted for months, yet the testimonies of the victims therein were found to be plausible and credible.
Whether the accused took turns in kissing the complainant or simultaneously ravished her do not negate the fact that she was assaulted. It may be that accused-appellant ravaged her first and while he was on top of her, Santiago and Ricarte were kissing the other parts of her body. In her direct examination, complainant never claimed that accused-appellant just stood by and watched the other two take their turns after he was done with her. It was never shown that he relinquished his hold on her when Santiago, then Ricarte, kissed her.
Besides, whether she was kissed one at a time or simultaneously, is not far-fetched or impossible. In fact, we have had cases which are more fantastic, if not weird, in details. In People v. De la Torre[20] the wife forced her husband and housemaid to engage in sex in her presence. In People v. Villamala[21] the wife trapped her kumare to have sex with her husband while in People v. Saban,[22] the wife watched her husband assault a 14-year-old epileptic girl. Thus:
Complainant's credibility should not be put to doubt simply because she could not remember whether she slept at 11 p.m. or at 2 a.m. At this juncture, it must be stated that the time when the crime was committed is not an essential element of rape.[25] Whether she slept at 11 p.m. or at 2 a.m., the fact that she was assaulted by the accused-appellant in the early morning of September 16, 2001 remains. Besides, both the prosecution and defense witnesses merely gave estimates of time as to when they arrived at the birthday party, when they left and when they slept. Nobody was categorical or exact about the time. It would therefore be unfair to expect the complainant to recall with certainty the time when she repaired for sleep. On this note, she even candidly admitted on cross examination that she was not conscious of the time.[26]
As to whether the mother of the victim noticed her torn pants, we find the same irrelevant and refers only to a collateral matter. It is too trite to even consider.
With regard to the testimonies of Jeffrey Olaya and Jocelyn Teraza that no rape occurred, suffice it to say that Jeffrey is a relative of the accused-appellant, hence, his testimony should be received with caution. Significantly, Jeffrey's and Jocelyn's testimonies were negative averments vis-à-vis complainant's affirmative testimony. The familiar rule on evidence is that an affirmative testimony is far weightier than a negative one, especially when the former comes from a credible witness.[27]
Jenalyn positively identified accused-appellant as the perpetrator of the crime. It is well-settled that a categorical and positive identification of an accused, without any showing of ill-motive on the part of the eyewitness testifying on the matter, prevails over alibi and denial, which are negative and self-serving evidence undeserving of real weight in law unless substantiated by clear and convincing evidence.[28] The defense never imputed ill-motive on the part of the complainant.
The fact that Dr. Maunahan found deep, healed hymenal lacerations about 5-11 days old when he examined the victim on September 26, 2001, corroborated Jenalyn's claim that she was raped on September 16, 2001. When a rape victim's account is straightforward and candid, and is corroborated by the medical findings of the examining physician, the same is sufficient to support a conviction for rape.[29] Where a rape victim's testimony is corroborated by the physical findings of penetration, there is sufficient basis for concluding that sexual intercourse did take place.[30]
Pertinently, we held in People v. Pacheco,[31] that:
We do not subscribe to the proposition that Jenalyn would have been blinded and unable to identify Nena if, indeed, the flashlight was focused on her. The beam of the light should be directly focused on one's face or eyes to be blinded. It was never shown that the flashlight was directly focused on the face or eyes of the complainant. What can be merely implied from her testimony was that Nena focused the flashlight on them during the rape. On that testimony alone, it could not be deduced, much less concluded, that the glare of the light was directed on complainant's face which effectively blinded her. It could be that the light was focused on the other parts of their bodies. Thus, the conclusion that complainant was blinded by the glare of the light and could not identify Nena, does not stand on solid ground.
In a last ditch effort to discredit the 14-year-old complainant, the defense attempted to picture her as a girl of loose morals. Suffice it to state that such debasement of her character does not necessarily cast doubt on her credibility, nor does it negate the existence of rape. It is a well-established rule that in the prosecution and conviction of an accused for rape, the victim's moral character is immaterial, there being absolutely no nexus between it and the odious deed committed. Even a prostitute or a woman of loose morals can be the victim of rape, for she can still refuse a man's lustful advances.[33]
It is doctrinal that the requirement of proof beyond reasonable doubt in criminal law does not mean such a degree of proof as to exclude the possibility of error and produce absolute certainty. Only moral certainty is required or that degree of proof which produces conviction in an unprejudiced mind.[34] The prosecution sufficiently established that accused-appellant had carnal knowledge of the 14-year-old complainant against her will and consent. Plainly, she was raped.
The trial court properly imposed the penalty of reclusion perpetua on accused-appellant. Under Article 266-B of the Revised Penal Code, the penalty is reclusion perpetua when a man had carnal knowledge of a woman against her will and without her consent, through force, threat and intimidation. [35] It also correctly awarded Jenalyn the amount of P50,000.00 as civil indemnity and another P50,000.00 as moral damages. Civil indemnity is in the nature of actual and compensatory damages, and is obligatory upon conviction for rape.[36] As to moral damages, it is automatically awarded to rape victims without the necessity of proof, for it is assumed that she suffered moral injuries entitling her to such award. Such award is separate and distinct from civil indemnity.[37]
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Regional Trial Court of Marikina City, Branch 272, in Criminal Case No. 2001-3977-MK finding accused-appellant Wilson Suarez y Villones guilty beyond reasonable doubt of rape and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to indemnify Jenalyn Montales the amounts of P50,000.00 as indemnity and another P50,000.00 as moral damages, is AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Carpio, and Azcuna, JJ., concur.
Quisumbing, J., please see dissent.
[1] Rollo, pp. 4-5.
[2] TSN, 28 January 2002, p. 51 (Jenalyn Montales).
[3] Id. at 53.
[4] TSN, 6 February 2002, p. 11 (Michael A. Maunahan).
[5] Rollo, pp. 17-72. Penned by Presiding Judge Reuben P. De la Cruz.
[6] Id. at 71-72.
[7] Id. at 73.
[8] People v. Blancaflor, G.R. No. 130586, 29 January 2004, 421 SCRA 354, 359.
[9] G.R. No. 142887, 2 March 2004, 424 SCRA 164, 174-175.
[10] People v. Guambor, G.R. No. 152183, 22 January 2004, 420 SCRA 677, 682.
[11] Rollo, p. 68.
[12] Supra, note 9 at 174.
[13] Supra, note 10 at 683.
[14] People v. Estado, Jr., G.R. No. 150867, 5 February 2004, 422 SCRA 198, 205.
[15] People v. Ballester, G.R. No. 152279, 20 January 2004, 420 SCRA 379, 384.
[16] Supra, note 9 at 175.
[17] People v. Alberio, G.R. No. 152584, 6 July 2004.
[18] TSN, 6 February 2002, pp. 19-20 (Jenalyn Montales).
[19] Supra, note 15 at 384.
[20] G.R. Nos. 121213 & 121216-23, 13 January 2004, 419 SCRA 18.
[21] G.R. No. L-41312, 29 July 1997, 78 SCRA 145.
[22] 377 Phil. 37 (1999).
[23] Supra, note 20 at 24-25.
[24] Id. at 25.
[25] People v. Cachapero, G.R. No. 153008, 20 May 2004, 428 SCRA 744, 750.
[26] TSN, 13 February 2002, p. 34 (Jenalyn Montales).
[27] People v. Agsaoay, Jr., G.R. Nos. 132125-26, 3 June 2004, 430 SCRA 450, 465.
[28] People v. Intong, G.R. Nos. 145034-35, 5 February 2004, 422 SCRA 134, 139.
[29] Supra, note 10 at 682.
[30] People v. Valdez, G.R. Nos. 133194-95 & 141539, 29 January 2004, 421 SCRA 376, 393.
[31] Supra, note 9 at 175.
[32] Supra, note 20 at 33.
[33] Supra, note 27 at 466.
[34] People v. Guihama, G.R. No. 126113, 25 June 2003, 404 SCRA 655, 668.
[35] Article 266-A, Revised Penal Code.
[36] People v. Sabardan, G.R. No. 132135, 21 May 2004, 429 SCRA 9, 28.
[37] Id. at 28-29.
The undersigned 2nd Assistant City Prosecutor upon Sworn Complaint originally filed by Salome Montales in behalf of her minor daughter Jenalyn Montales accuses WILSON SUAREZ y VILLONES, SANTIAGO SUAREZ y VILLONES, RICARTE DARIA y TENGSON and NENA DARIA y RIPOL of the crime of RAPE UNDER RA 8353 ART. 266-A PAR. 1(a) AND ART. 266(b), committed as follows:On even date, Wilson, Santiago and Ricarte, were also charged with the crime of acts of lasciviousness.
That on or about the 16th day of September 2001, in the City of Marikina, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, by means of force, coercion and intimidation and with lewd design, intent to cause or gratify their sexual desires or abuse and maltreat complainant JENALYN MONTALES, a minor, 14 years old, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have sexual intercourse with said complainant against her will and consent which debases or demeans the intrinsic worth and dignity of said child as a human being.
That accused NENA DARIA, having knowledge of the commission of the crime, without having participated therein as principal or accessory, took part subsequently to its commission by then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously allowed the commission thereof in her presence without preventing them which she could have easily done but which she failed to do.
CONTRARY TO LAW.
All the accused entered a plea of not guilty. Thereafter, joint trial on the merits ensued.
The prosecution established that on September 15, 2001, Luzviminda Olaya sought permission from Salome Montales to allow her 14-year old daughter, Jenalyn Montales, to attend the birthday party of Santiago at his house in Ubas Street, Malanday, Marikina City. Jenalyn arrived at the party at 10 o'clock[2] in the evening accompanied by Salvador Olaya, Marlyn Altoza, Luzviminda, Jeffrey Olaya and Jocelyn Teraza. Aside from the celebrant, also present were accused-appellant and the spouses Ricarte and Nena.[3]
The celebration lasted until the early morning of September 16, 2001. When it was over, Jenalyn slept on the sofa while accused-appellant, Santiago and Ricarte slept on the mat spread out beside the sofa.
At around 2 o'clock in the morning of September 16, 2001, accused-appellant suddenly pulled down Jenalyn to the floor, forcibly undressed her and inserted his penis into her vagina. She could not shout as accused-appellant covered her mouth with clothes. While she was being raped by accused-appellant, Santiago and Ricarte held her hands and thighs, sucked her breasts and kissed her body. Jenalyn tried to awaken Jeffrey and Jocelyn to no avail. Nena woke up and focused the flashlight on her but did not do anything to help. When Jenalyn momentarily freed herself from accused-appellant, she ran to the comfort room nearby but the latter pursued her and, while sporting a knife, raped her again.
Jenalyn does not know the way back to their house in Antipolo as it was her first time in Marikina City. Thus, she waited until 8 o'clock in the morning and left Santiago's house together with Luzviminda, Jeffrey and Jocelyn. She told them of her harrowing experience but they only laughed at her.
When her mother later learned of her ordeal from a neighbor, they immediately reported the incident to the police. On September 26, 2001, Jenalyn was examined by Dr. Michael A. Maunahan, who found deep, healed hymenal lacerations about 5-11 days old.[4]
Accused-appellant denied having raped Jenalyn. He claimed that Salome harbored ill-feelings against his family because he and his uncle, Salvador, failed to reciprocate her feelings. At the same time, he insisted that Salome only wanted to extort money from them.
Santiago admitted that Jenalyn attended his birthday celebration but denied that they molested her. Nena also disclaimed that Jenalyn was raped. On the contrary, she averred that it was the latter who flirted with accused-appellant and during the celebration, Jenalyn even masturbated in their presence. She insisted that although Ricarte was her husband and related to accused-appellant and Santiago, she would not side with them if they committed something wrong.
Jeffrey, Jocelyn and Jomel Papillera likewise attended Santiago's birthday celebration but they alleged that they did not notice any rape incident.
On April 18, 2002, the Regional Trial Court, Branch 272, Marikina City, rendered a consolidated decision[5] the dispositive portion of which reads:
WHEREFORE, foregoing premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered as follows:Only Wilson interposed an appeal.[7] He assails Jenalyn's credibility arguing that she was not even certain whether she was kissed simultaneously or one at a time by accused-appellant, Santiago and Ricarte. He finds improbable that rape could be perpetuated in front of an audience. He also observes that Jenalyn was inconsistent as to the time she slept and when she was allegedly raped. He insists that Jenalyn should have left the house of Santiago immediately after the rape instead of waiting until 8 o'clock in the morning. For him, it was unusual for a girl who claims to have been raped to run to the comfort room without putting on her undergarments. It is also irregular that Jenalyn disclosed the ordeal to her mother ten (10) days after its alleged commission.
1) Accused Wilson Suarez y Villones is found GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of rape as charged in Criminal Case No. 2001-3977-MK and is sentenced to suffer the penalty of Reclusion Perpetua; to indemnify the private complainant the amount of Php50,000.00 and another Php50,000.00 for moral damages; Criminal Case No. 2001-3978-MK for Acts of Lasciviousness against same accused is ordered DISMISSED;
2) Accused Nena Daria y Ripol is ordered ACQUITTED as accomplice in Criminal Case No. 2001-3977-MK for failure of the prosecution to prove her guilt beyond reasonable doubt;
3) Accused Santiago Suarez y Villones is found GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt for Acts of Lasciviousness in Criminal Case No. 2001-3979-MK and is sentenced to suffer the indeterminate penalty of imprisonment ranging from four (4) years and Two (2) Months as minimum to Six (6) years as maximum and to pay the private complainant the amount of Php30,000.00 as moral damages; Criminal Case No. 2001-3977-MK for rape is DISMISSED against the said accused;
4) Accused RICARTE DARIA y TENGSON is found GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt for acts of lasciviousness in Criminal Case No. 2001-3980-Mk and is sentenced to suffer the indeterminate penalty of imprisonment ranging from Four (4) years and Two (2) Months as minimum to Six (6) years as maximum and to pay the private complainant the amount of Php30,000.00 as moral damages; Criminal Case no. 2001-3977-MK for rape is likewise DISMISSED against said accused.
The Jailwarden of Marikina City Jail is ordered to immediately release the person of NENA DARIA y RIPOL unless validly held for some other offense.
SO ORDERED.[6]
The Office of the Solicitor General refutes the foregoing allegations. It argues that a rape victim is not expected to keep an accurate account of her traumatic experience. It is likewise immaterial whether Jenalyn was kissed simultaneously or one at a time or whether the victim slept at 2 o'clock in the morning of September 16, 2001 or earlier. What is important is that the prosecution overwhelmingly established that the accused-appellant had carnal knowledge of Jenalyn against her will and without her consent.
It must be emphasized at the outset the settled rule that the testimony of a rape victim of tender or immature age deserves full credit.[8] In the recent case of People v. Pacheco[9] we held that:
When the offended party is a young and immature girl between the age of 12 to 16, as in this case, courts are inclined to give credence to her version of the incident, considering not only her relative vulnerability but also the public humiliation to which she would be exposed by court trial if her accusation were untrue. Testimonies of youthful rape victims are, as a general rule, given full faith and credit, considering that when a girl says she has been raped, she says in effect all that is necessary to show that rape was indeed committed.In finding accused-appellant guilty, it is not as if the trial court relied on the victim's testimony without any critical assessment at all. The trial court gave credence to the complainant's testimony only after it has satisfied itself that the same was competent and credible as shown by the manner in which she testified and her demeanor on the witness stand.[10]
The trial court observed, thus:
The testimony of the private complainant Jenalyn Montales was given in a straight forward and candid manner. She positively identified one of the accused in the person of Wilson Suarez who inserted his penis into her vagina while being laid on the floor where Wilson was also lying. She cannot shout as Wilson put his clothes in the mouth. The second incident was when she went inside the comfort room and with a knife pointed on her, Wilson succeeded in inserting his penis into her vagina. The defense of denial by the accused is an intrinsically weak defense which must be buttressed by strong evidence of non-culpability to merit credence. (People vs. Sagun, 303 SCRA 382). Hence, it cannot prosper against the positive identification of the accused by the victim. The rule is that when the rape victim's testimony is straight forward and candid, unshaken by rigid cross-examination and unflawed by inconsistencies or contradictions in its material points, the same must be given full faith and credit. (People vs. Caratay, 316 SCRA 251). Further, failure to shout or offer tenacious resistance did not make voluntary the complainant's submission to the criminal acts of the accused. (People vs. Vergel, 316 SCRA 199). The court notes that the complainant is a 14-year old and still of tender age and thus is not in a position to physically resist the acts of a man heavier and taller than her considering further that the complainant was then still under the effects of liquor.[11] [Emphasis supplied]Findings of the trial court on the credibility of witnesses and their testimonies are generally accorded great respect by an appellate court.[12] Well-settled is the rule that findings of facts and assessment of credibility of witnesses is a matter best left to the trial court because of its unique position of having observed that elusive and incommunicable evidence of the witnesses' deportment on the stand while testifying, which opportunity is denied to the appellate courts. For this reason, the trial court's findings are accorded finality, unless there appears in the record some fact or circumstance of weight which the lower court may have overlooked, misunderstood or misappreciated and which, if properly considered, would alter the results of the case.[13]
The perceived inconsistencies or contradictions by the defense refer to minor and insignificant details which, if considered, would not alter the outcome of the case. They do not even refer to the gravamen of the crime. Discrepancies referring only to minor details and collateral matters not to the central fact of the crime do not affect the veracity or detract from the essential credibility of witnesses' declarations, as long as these are coherent and intrinsically believable on the whole. The Court has recognized that even the most candid of witnesses make erroneous, confused or inconsistent statements, especially when they are young and easily overwhelmed by the atmosphere in the courtroom.[14] It would be too much to expect a 14-year-old to remember each detail of her harrowing experience.
We disagree with the observation that Jenalyn's unusual behavior after the alleged rape cast doubt on her credibility. Concededly, she seems uncertain whether or not she was wearing panties when she went to the comfort room. However, the hesitation of the 14-year-old victim should not be taken against her. Given the circumstances, she could not be expected to be accurate in every detail and error-free in her narration.
A truth-telling witness is not always expected to give an error-free testimony, considering the lapse of time and the treachery of human memory. Thus we have followed the rule in accord with human nature and experience that honest inconsistencies on minor and trivial matters serve to strengthen, rather than destroy, the credibility of a witness, especially of witnesses to crimes which shock the conscience and numb the senses. More importantly, the alleged inconsistencies referred to by the defense pertain to matters extraneous to the crime of rape that do not detract from the fact that the offended party had indeed been sexually defiled.[15]
It must be stressed that people may react differently to the same set of circumstances. There is no standard reaction of a victim in a rape incident.[16] Furthermore, not every victim of rape can be expected to act with reason or in conformity with the usual expectations of everyone. The workings of a human mind placed under emotional stress are unpredictable; people react differently. Some may shout, some may faint, while others may be shocked into insensibility.[17]
The delay on the part of the complainant in disclosing the sexual defilement to her mother is understandable. As the records would show, complainant did not immediately inform her mother about the incident because of fear. [18] Besides, it does not follow that because Luzviminda laughed at the allegation of the complainant that she was raped, then, they were not threatened at all by the accused-appellant. It could be that Luzviminda could not be easily cowed as Jenalyn because she did not suffer the same fate as the complainant; she was also related to the accused-appellant.
Besides, long silence and delay in reporting the crime of rape has not always been construed as an indication of a false accusation. This principle applies with greater force where, as in this case, the offended party was barely 14 years old and unlettered, and was therefore susceptible to intimidation and threats to physical harm.[19] More significantly, the 10-day delay is not unreasonable. We have had cases where the delay in reporting the crime lasted for months, yet the testimonies of the victims therein were found to be plausible and credible.
Whether the accused took turns in kissing the complainant or simultaneously ravished her do not negate the fact that she was assaulted. It may be that accused-appellant ravaged her first and while he was on top of her, Santiago and Ricarte were kissing the other parts of her body. In her direct examination, complainant never claimed that accused-appellant just stood by and watched the other two take their turns after he was done with her. It was never shown that he relinquished his hold on her when Santiago, then Ricarte, kissed her.
Besides, whether she was kissed one at a time or simultaneously, is not far-fetched or impossible. In fact, we have had cases which are more fantastic, if not weird, in details. In People v. De la Torre[20] the wife forced her husband and housemaid to engage in sex in her presence. In People v. Villamala[21] the wife trapped her kumare to have sex with her husband while in People v. Saban,[22] the wife watched her husband assault a 14-year-old epileptic girl. Thus:
The appellants point to the unusual manner of commission of the crime, involving as it did not only the sexual assault by the man but also the participation of his wife, to discredit the complainant's testimony. Under the Revised Penal Code, however, an accused may be considered a principal by direct participation, by inducement, or by indispensable cooperation. This is true in a charge of rape against a woman, provided of course a man is charged together with her. Thus, in two cases this Court convicted the woman as a principal by direct participation since it was proven that she held down the complainant in order to help her co-accused spouse consummate the offense.The prosecution need not prove aberrant sexual behavior to justify the claim that Wilson, Santiago, and Ricarte simultaneously or one after the other, kissed her. The sexual preference of the accused does not constitute an essential element of the crime of rape. All the prosecution needs to prove was carnal knowledge of the complainant by the accused against her will and without her consent.[24]
In People v. Villamala, the Court found the husband and wife guilty for raping their neighbor and "kumare" in this factual setting, viz. the wife visited the victim at her home on the pretext of inquiring as to the whereabouts of her husband. Once inside, she whistled for her husband and he immediately appeared at the doorstep. The wife then suddenly pinned her "kumare" to the floor. The husband forcefully removed the victim's skirt and panties, removed his shorts, placed himself on top of the victim and consummated the rape. In the more recent People v. Saba(n), the accused married couple victimized a fourteen (14) year-old epileptic who stayed at their home for treatment by the wife who was a reputed healer. On the pretext of conducting a healing session, the wife ordered the victim to lie down on the floor then pinned the victim's hands to the floor and covered her mouth while her husband removed his pants and briefs and the victim's panties and raped the young girl. These two cases show not only the possibility but the reality of rape committed by a woman together with a man.[23]
Complainant's credibility should not be put to doubt simply because she could not remember whether she slept at 11 p.m. or at 2 a.m. At this juncture, it must be stated that the time when the crime was committed is not an essential element of rape.[25] Whether she slept at 11 p.m. or at 2 a.m., the fact that she was assaulted by the accused-appellant in the early morning of September 16, 2001 remains. Besides, both the prosecution and defense witnesses merely gave estimates of time as to when they arrived at the birthday party, when they left and when they slept. Nobody was categorical or exact about the time. It would therefore be unfair to expect the complainant to recall with certainty the time when she repaired for sleep. On this note, she even candidly admitted on cross examination that she was not conscious of the time.[26]
As to whether the mother of the victim noticed her torn pants, we find the same irrelevant and refers only to a collateral matter. It is too trite to even consider.
With regard to the testimonies of Jeffrey Olaya and Jocelyn Teraza that no rape occurred, suffice it to say that Jeffrey is a relative of the accused-appellant, hence, his testimony should be received with caution. Significantly, Jeffrey's and Jocelyn's testimonies were negative averments vis-à-vis complainant's affirmative testimony. The familiar rule on evidence is that an affirmative testimony is far weightier than a negative one, especially when the former comes from a credible witness.[27]
Jenalyn positively identified accused-appellant as the perpetrator of the crime. It is well-settled that a categorical and positive identification of an accused, without any showing of ill-motive on the part of the eyewitness testifying on the matter, prevails over alibi and denial, which are negative and self-serving evidence undeserving of real weight in law unless substantiated by clear and convincing evidence.[28] The defense never imputed ill-motive on the part of the complainant.
The fact that Dr. Maunahan found deep, healed hymenal lacerations about 5-11 days old when he examined the victim on September 26, 2001, corroborated Jenalyn's claim that she was raped on September 16, 2001. When a rape victim's account is straightforward and candid, and is corroborated by the medical findings of the examining physician, the same is sufficient to support a conviction for rape.[29] Where a rape victim's testimony is corroborated by the physical findings of penetration, there is sufficient basis for concluding that sexual intercourse did take place.[30]
Pertinently, we held in People v. Pacheco,[31] that:
… private complainant's testimony of her defilement is corroborated by physical evidence of penile invasion as shown by hymenal lacerations she suffered. While we are not unmindful of this Court's pronouncement that a victim's hymenal lacerations need not necessarily prove carnal knowledge, nonetheless, Dr. Aletha Silang's findings of "positive hymenal laceration, complete with raw edges at, 10 o'clock, 3 o'clock, 6 o'clock, and 8 o'clock positions" carries convincing weight as corroborative evidence in the light of the private complainant's accusation that she was sexually abused.The defense also attempted to discredit the prosecution by claiming that the charges were instigated by the victim's mother. We find this hard to believe. A mother would not subject her daughter, more so a minor, to the indignities of a rape trial just because her feelings was not reciprocated by the accused-appellant and his uncle, Salvador, who was not even presented to testify on this matter. If indeed Salome harbored ill-feelings against Salvador and the accused-appellant, then she would not have easily acceded to her daughter's request to join the company of Salvador and attend the birthday party of accused-appellant's brother. It is unnatural for a parent to use her offspring as an engine of malice, especially if it will subject her to embarrassment, and even stigma, as in this case.[32]
We do not subscribe to the proposition that Jenalyn would have been blinded and unable to identify Nena if, indeed, the flashlight was focused on her. The beam of the light should be directly focused on one's face or eyes to be blinded. It was never shown that the flashlight was directly focused on the face or eyes of the complainant. What can be merely implied from her testimony was that Nena focused the flashlight on them during the rape. On that testimony alone, it could not be deduced, much less concluded, that the glare of the light was directed on complainant's face which effectively blinded her. It could be that the light was focused on the other parts of their bodies. Thus, the conclusion that complainant was blinded by the glare of the light and could not identify Nena, does not stand on solid ground.
In a last ditch effort to discredit the 14-year-old complainant, the defense attempted to picture her as a girl of loose morals. Suffice it to state that such debasement of her character does not necessarily cast doubt on her credibility, nor does it negate the existence of rape. It is a well-established rule that in the prosecution and conviction of an accused for rape, the victim's moral character is immaterial, there being absolutely no nexus between it and the odious deed committed. Even a prostitute or a woman of loose morals can be the victim of rape, for she can still refuse a man's lustful advances.[33]
It is doctrinal that the requirement of proof beyond reasonable doubt in criminal law does not mean such a degree of proof as to exclude the possibility of error and produce absolute certainty. Only moral certainty is required or that degree of proof which produces conviction in an unprejudiced mind.[34] The prosecution sufficiently established that accused-appellant had carnal knowledge of the 14-year-old complainant against her will and consent. Plainly, she was raped.
The trial court properly imposed the penalty of reclusion perpetua on accused-appellant. Under Article 266-B of the Revised Penal Code, the penalty is reclusion perpetua when a man had carnal knowledge of a woman against her will and without her consent, through force, threat and intimidation. [35] It also correctly awarded Jenalyn the amount of P50,000.00 as civil indemnity and another P50,000.00 as moral damages. Civil indemnity is in the nature of actual and compensatory damages, and is obligatory upon conviction for rape.[36] As to moral damages, it is automatically awarded to rape victims without the necessity of proof, for it is assumed that she suffered moral injuries entitling her to such award. Such award is separate and distinct from civil indemnity.[37]
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Regional Trial Court of Marikina City, Branch 272, in Criminal Case No. 2001-3977-MK finding accused-appellant Wilson Suarez y Villones guilty beyond reasonable doubt of rape and sentencing him to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to indemnify Jenalyn Montales the amounts of P50,000.00 as indemnity and another P50,000.00 as moral damages, is AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Carpio, and Azcuna, JJ., concur.
Quisumbing, J., please see dissent.
[1] Rollo, pp. 4-5.
[2] TSN, 28 January 2002, p. 51 (Jenalyn Montales).
[3] Id. at 53.
[4] TSN, 6 February 2002, p. 11 (Michael A. Maunahan).
[5] Rollo, pp. 17-72. Penned by Presiding Judge Reuben P. De la Cruz.
[6] Id. at 71-72.
[7] Id. at 73.
[8] People v. Blancaflor, G.R. No. 130586, 29 January 2004, 421 SCRA 354, 359.
[9] G.R. No. 142887, 2 March 2004, 424 SCRA 164, 174-175.
[10] People v. Guambor, G.R. No. 152183, 22 January 2004, 420 SCRA 677, 682.
[11] Rollo, p. 68.
[12] Supra, note 9 at 174.
[13] Supra, note 10 at 683.
[14] People v. Estado, Jr., G.R. No. 150867, 5 February 2004, 422 SCRA 198, 205.
[15] People v. Ballester, G.R. No. 152279, 20 January 2004, 420 SCRA 379, 384.
[16] Supra, note 9 at 175.
[17] People v. Alberio, G.R. No. 152584, 6 July 2004.
[18] TSN, 6 February 2002, pp. 19-20 (Jenalyn Montales).
[19] Supra, note 15 at 384.
[20] G.R. Nos. 121213 & 121216-23, 13 January 2004, 419 SCRA 18.
[21] G.R. No. L-41312, 29 July 1997, 78 SCRA 145.
[22] 377 Phil. 37 (1999).
[23] Supra, note 20 at 24-25.
[24] Id. at 25.
[25] People v. Cachapero, G.R. No. 153008, 20 May 2004, 428 SCRA 744, 750.
[26] TSN, 13 February 2002, p. 34 (Jenalyn Montales).
[27] People v. Agsaoay, Jr., G.R. Nos. 132125-26, 3 June 2004, 430 SCRA 450, 465.
[28] People v. Intong, G.R. Nos. 145034-35, 5 February 2004, 422 SCRA 134, 139.
[29] Supra, note 10 at 682.
[30] People v. Valdez, G.R. Nos. 133194-95 & 141539, 29 January 2004, 421 SCRA 376, 393.
[31] Supra, note 9 at 175.
[32] Supra, note 20 at 33.
[33] Supra, note 27 at 466.
[34] People v. Guihama, G.R. No. 126113, 25 June 2003, 404 SCRA 655, 668.
[35] Article 266-A, Revised Penal Code.
[36] People v. Sabardan, G.R. No. 132135, 21 May 2004, 429 SCRA 9, 28.
[37] Id. at 28-29.