[ G.R. No. L-1881, May 09, 1949 ]
MANILA TERMINAL COMPANY, INC., RECURRENTE, -CONTRA- LA CORTE DE RELACIONES INDUSTRIALES Y LA MANILA TERMINAL RELIEF & MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATION, RECURRIDA.
DECISION
BRIONES, M.:
Se ha interpuesto por la Manila Terminal Company, Inc., el. presente recurso de certiorari a fin de que reyoquemos y dejemos sin efecto una orden de la Corte de Relaciones Industriales dictada por el Juez Asociado Hon. Vicente Jimenez Yanson y
confirmada despues por la corte en pleno orden que se transcribe integra a continuacion:
MANILA TEEMINAL RELIEF
& MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATION,
Recurrente,
- contra - EXPEDIENTE NUM. 86-V
MANILA TERMINAL COMPANY,
INCORPORATED,
Recurrida.
x ------------------------------------ x
Nuestra conclusion es que el recurso carece de merito y por tanto debe desestimarse. La mera circunstancia de que los policlas especiales de que se trata hayan sido nombrados como tales por el Alcalde de la ciudad de Manila, no hace que ellos deban ser considerados como funcionarios publicos al igual que los polielas de la ciudad de Manila propiamente. Esun hecho convenido y establecido en autos que los sueldos de dichos polielas especiales se sufraganenteramente de los fondos de la compañia recurrente, no costandole ni un centavo a la ciudad de Manila sus servicios. Tambien es hecho convenido y establecido en autos que, dichos policlas prestan exclusivamente sus servicios a la compañia dentro de los mites territoriales en que esta hace sus operaciones de arrastre en el puerto de Manila. Los nom brami entos expedidos por el Alcalde son mas bien un arreglo especial entre el Alcalde y la compañia para que los referidos policlas puedan verificar arrestos dentro del radio de operaciones de la compañia y de esta manera liacer efectiva la vigilancia de los cargamentos confiados a la misma. Este arreglose ha hecho necesario en vista de las excepcionarisimas condiciones de confusion, desorden y latrocinio que despues de la liberacion han plevalecido en el puerto de Manila, con grave detrirnento de los negocios. Si por este arreglo especial, determinado por circunstancias excepcionalisimas, los policlas especiales de que se trata quedaran convertidos en funcionarios publicos tan solo en virtud de sus nombramientos de emergencia, los mismos, que despues de todo no son mas que obreros y empleados, quedarlan colocados en una situacion harto desventajosa en relacion con los otros empleados y obreros de la compañia, pues mientras estos pueden valerse de todos sus derechos corao obreros para formular demandas razonables de me joramiento, y pueden acudir a la huelga inclusive si fuese necesario, los policlas especiales estarlan completamente privados de todas estas armas y medios legltimos que les asistirlan oomo trabajadores. Este resultado serla completamente contrario a los amplios postulados y fines de la politica de justicia social humanamente adoptada y puesta en practica por nuestro gobierno, y no creemos que la legislature haya abrigado jama's tal proposito al conferir al Alcalde de la ciudad de, Manila la facultad de hacer tales nombramientos.
Los precedentes militan, ademas, en contra de las pretensiones de la compañia recurrente. En el asunto de National Labor Union vs. San Miguel Brewery, (CIR Case No. 26V4) la Corte se declaro competente para conocer del asunto no obstante el nombraraiento de agente especial otorgado a un empleado de la compañia por la Military Police Command. Otra cita tipica es el asunto conocido de Bendix Products Corporation, a saber:
Asl se ordena.
Moran, Paras, Feria, Pablo, Perfecto, Bengzon, Montemayor, and Reyes, JJ., concur.
TUASON, J.:
The sole question at issue in this case relates to the character of the position of special policemen; namely, whether it is a public office or private employment. It is conceded on both sides that public officers and employees are not embraced by Act No. 103.
As stated in State vs. Hawkins, 257 Pac. 411, 53 A.L.R. 583, to be a public office -
The only important differences between the respondents and the regular members of the police force are that they receive their salaries from the Manila Terminal Co. Inc. and their jurisdiction does not extend beyond the confines of that Company's premises. But the source of compensation, or the absence of compensation for that matter, does not a with add to or detract from the nature of the position. Compensation is not an ingredient of a public office. Compensation and its source have nothing to do with the status of public officers as such. (Mechem, The Law of Public Officers and Offices, p. 577). The matter of compensation is irrelevant with reference to the holding of a public office or the office itself. (Brown vs. Russel, 166 Mass. 14; Cornejo vs. Gabriel, 41 Phil., 188.) In New York, C. & St. L.R. Co. v. Fieback, 87 Ohio St. 254, 43 L.R.A., it was said: "A policeman who was appointed and commissioned by the governor in pursuance of authority given by statute, although his appointment was on the application of a railroad company and his salary was paid by such company, was a public officer, deriving his authority directly from the state. 'Police officers,' continued the court, 'by whomever appointed or elected, are generally regarded as public or state officers, deriving their authority from the sovereignty, for the purpose of enforcing the observance of the law.' "
The practice of appointing law officers with their salaries paid by the persons or companies they serve is not uncommon in our Government. To mention only two known exampies of this arrangement, we have the Manila Railroad special policemen and public service inspectors.
The scope of a peace officer's territorial jurisdiction is irrelevant to his status as a public officer. This is so because the government is interested in the maintenance of peace and order in all places no matter how limited in area, within its territorial demesne. Similarly, the fact that a policeman's duties are confined to the protection of private interests and property of a specific person or entity does not make him an employee of that person or entity. Thefts and robberies are public crimes, injurious to the public, and prosecuted in the name of the people. They are included among the most important crimes which policemen are appointed to suppress. A police officer is not divested of his official character merely because he is assigned to watch, to the exclusion of all his other official duties, over a particular person's life and property that are exposed to or threatened with destruction. This seems so self-evident and so elemental as to make its exposition sound presumptous and impertinent.
In Monette vs. State, 44 So. 989, the court, citing Shelby vs. Alcorn, 72 Am. Dec. 169, held,: "A public officer is one who has some duty to perform concerning the public and he is not the less a public officer when his duty is confined to narrow limits, because it is the duty and the nature of the duty which makes him a public officer and not the extent of his authority." Mechem, in his wellknown treatise, The Law of Public Officers and Offices, Sec. 9, p. 7, expresses the same idea in identical terms.
The decision says that if special policemen were to be converted into public officers merely in virtue of their emergency appointments, who, after all are no more than laborers and employees, would be placed in a very disadvantageous position in comparison with other employees and laborers of the company, because, it is argued, while the latter could avail themselves of all their rights as laborers to make reasonable demands for improvement and may resort to strikes if necessary, the special policemen would be completely deprived of all these legitimate weapons and means to aid them as laborers. This argument, if valid, might be advanced by the tens of thousands of other officers and employees of the Government. But the right to hold a public office is not a natural or constitutional right from which the right to strike may not be taken away. The decision completely ignores the fact that the respondents, like other public officers and employees, accepted their employment of their own free will fully aware of the restriction in the choice of means imposed upon their freedom to better their lot. Their appointments were not in any way forced on them.
In its practical operation, the decision is fraught with serious consequences. The Manila Terminal Company, Inc., whose only part in the employment of special policemen is to propose shem and to pay their salaries, is made the respondent while the Mayor, who has the exclusive power to suspend, remove or discipline them is beyond the reach of the Court of Inlustrial Relations. Could that court legally prohibit the Mayor from suspending or dismissing special policemen during the settlement of the dispute? While laborers have the right to quit work during a strike unless forbidden to do so by the court, could special policemen, subject to police laws, rules and regulations, refuse to perform their sworn duties without incurring the penalty of the law for desertion or abandonment of their post? And if the court should heed the respondents grievances and demands, would the court's decision prevent the Mayor from "firing" them and thus bring to naught the Court's order? It is enough to ask these and many other questions to see the incongruities and anomalies to which this Court's ruling would lead. The situation stems from the failure to realize that the strike by the members of the respondent union is not in its broad aspect a strike against the Manila Terminal Company, Inc.; it is a strike that strikes to the very bones of official discipline and Government authority, suversive of peace and order which the strikers have taken the oath to preserve.
This is not a brief against the law or policy which prohibits Government officers and employees from staging strikes. If this law or policy is wrong and unjust, a question which is not here and there, it is not for the courts to change it. Let the political departments make the reform and provide that the Government or the appointing officer should be made a party to the dispute.
"REPUBLICA DE FILIPINAS
TRIBUNAL DE RELACIONES INDUSTRIALES
MANILA
TRIBUNAL DE RELACIONES INDUSTRIALES
MANILA
MANILA TEEMINAL RELIEF
& MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATION,
Recurrente,
- contra - EXPEDIENTE NUM. 86-V
MANILA TERMINAL COMPANY,
INCORPORATED,
Recurrida.
x ------------------------------------ x
O R D E N
"El presents asunto trae su origen de una peticion presentada a este Tribunal por la asociacion recurrente el dia 19 de junio del presente año, en donde se pide entre otras cosas, el pago por la recurrida de los trabajos realizados en exceso de oclio lioras, asi como en los dias de domingos y fiestas oficiales, mas la compensacion adicional en la cantidad de 50% sobre dichos salarios o jornales computados desde la fecha de su empleo, y otras deinandas mas que detalladamente se especifican en el euerpo de la misma peticion, la que ha sido contestada por la compañia recurrida el 5 de julio illtimo, pidiendo que por las razones alegadas en sa que diclia peticion sea sobreseida. Despues de esta contestacion, se presento por la compañia recurrida dos mociones de sobres eimiento, la primera el 21 de agosto de 1947, fundada en la falta de causa de accion, y la segunda de la que aqui nos ocuparemos, lo file el 25 del mes de septiembre del presente año y esta basada en la alegada falta de jurisdiccion de este Tribunal sobre la materia o conflieto entre las partes litigantes.De lo transcrito se deduce que la ilnioa cuestion que se tiene que resolver es si los policfas especiales a los cuales se refiere la orden transcrita son o no funcionarios publicos. La recurrente sostiene que dichos policlas tierien el caracter de tales y que, por tanto, no tienen derecho a declararse en huelga en virtud del principio de que contra el Gobierno no cabe ninguna declaracion de huelga por parte de sus funcionarios y empleados. Si esto es as afiade la recurrente no existe ninguna disputa industrial elitre la Manila Terminal Company Inc. y sus polielas especiales. Por tanto, la Corte de Relaciones Industriales carece de jurisdiccion sobre la queja planteada por dichos polielas.
"La segunda moe: Lon de sobreseimiento ser sel objecto de la resolucion del Tribunal, debido al lieclio de que la misma recurrida, el 24 de septiembre pidid que su primera mocion de sobreseimiento se de por y sea considerada como retirada, presentando en su lugar la segunda mocion fundada en la falta de jurisdiccion. De las alegaciones expuestas por ambas partes en este asunto, resulta que la recurrida es una corporacion organizada de acuerdo con las leyes de Filipinas con oficina central en el Port Area, de la Giudad de Manila, cuyas funciones consisten entre otras cosas, en el recibo y entrega de los cargamentos en los muelles de la Ciudad de Manila; en el cuidado y custodia de los raismos mientras Vestfin en los muelles, asi como el cuidado, conservacion y custodia de todos los equipos del Gobierno en losviauelles y entregados a la recurrida, y que con el objeto de asegurar su custodia y entrega por la misma, utiliza los servicios de los aqui peticionarios como policlas especiales. Tambien se desprende de las mismas alegaciones, que la contencion o punto en controversia entre las partes en el presente conflieto, radica en la consideracion que se debe dar a los aqui peticionarios, o mejor diclio, en el verdadero y exacto concepto que se debe tener de los mismos, considerando el cargo que desempefian en la compañia recurrida. La recurrida contiende que este Tribunal solaniente tiene jurisdiccion sobre conflictos industriales o de aparcerla que motive, o de lugar a una huelga o paro (Art. 4, Ley No. 103, del Commonwealth tal como esta enmendada) y no sobre los peticionarios que no son obreros industriales, sino miembros del euerpo de Policfa de Manila y que como tales no pueden declararse en huelga, requisite indispensable para que date Tribunal adquiera su jurisdiccion sobre un asunto determinado. De contiende adems, que los referidos peticionarios son agentes del orden publico comprendidos dentro de las dispostciones del artlculo 2463 del Codigo Administrativo, y por ende funcionarios publicos que no podron legalmente abandonar el cumplimiento de sus deberes y mucho menos para declararse en huelga.
"Por otro lado, la recurrence sostiene que la recurrida dada la naturalesa del negocio a que se dedica no ejerce functones gubernamentales, porque el recibo y la entrega de los cargaiaentos en los muelles de Manila, es una ocupacion que pertenece al importador o a su agerete o representante, y afiade adems que lo mas que se puede decir de sus trabajos es, que la misma por su servicio o contrato de arrastre ejerce las funciones de una compañia o corporacion de Utilidad Publica. Se sostiene tambien por la resurrente, que los peticionarios no son funcionarios publicos, por que los mismos son empleados y estan pagados por la recurrida que es una compañia particular o privada y que los nombramientos ezpedidos por el Alcalde de Ciudad de Manila en favor de los mencionados peticionarios expresamente proveen, que dichos nombramientos no evan ninguna conpensacion de diclia Giudad de Manila, y que el ejercicio o cumplimiento de sus deberes conio policlas especiales, as limita solamente en y dentro del local ocupado por la Manila Terminal Company.
"Considerando las alegaciones de ambas partes en relacion con la alegada falta de jurisdiccion planteada por la recurrida en su segunda mocion de sobreseimiento, el Tribunal es de opinion que todos los requisitos esigidos por la Ley (Art. 4 y 1 de la Ley No. 103, Commonwealth, enmendada por la Ley No. 559 del Com.) para que este Tribunal adquiera su jurisdiccion, concurren en el presente caso, (ANG TIBAY, representada or el Sr. Toribio Teodoro, propletario y gerente y NATIONAL WORKERS BROTHERHOOD, recurrentes -versus- EL TRIBUNAL DE RELACIONES INDUSTRIALES, y NATIONAL LABOR UNION, INC., recurridos, G. R. No. 45496, Promulgada: Mayo 29, 1939), y el hecho de que los peticionarios miembros de la asociacion recurrente hayan sido nombrados por el Alcalde de law Ciudad de Manila y prestado su juramento ante el mismo como tales policlas especiales, no puede privar a este Tribunal de su jurisdiccion sobre el asunto, porque la Ley No. 103 con sus enmiendas, no estable ninguna excepcion a favor de esta clase de empleados, colocandoles fuera de su jurisdiccion. El Tribunal considera a losaqui peticionarios como simples empleados industriales, porque la recurrida en cuyo favor se presta el servicio es una corporacion privada y es la que pagasus salarios, por cuyo motivo, los peticionarios desempefian y cumplen sus deberes sin ningun caracter oficial (Art. 2, Codigo Adm. Revisado); y no son ni pueden considerarse como funcionarios, publicos, tal como pretende la recurrida, porque no estsin al servicio del gobierno de las Islas lilipinas (E.U. vs. Smith, 39 J.F. 541).
"A la luz de estas consideraciones, la conclusion es evidente, al efecto de que este Tribunal tiene jurisdiccion para tomar conocimiento del presente asunto, y la teorla de la recurrida en el sentido de que la, amenaza de una huelga o la huelga misma constituye lino de los requisitos indispensables para la jurisdiccion de este Tribunal, circumstancia esta que no coricurre en los peticionarios teniendo en cuenta su mision como policfas especiales, resulta claramente insostenible.
"EN SU VIRTUD el Tribunal es de opinion y asilo declara, que la mocion de sobreseimiento por faita de jurisdiccion de feclia 24 de septiembre de 1947 presentada por la compañia recurrida, es y debe ser denegada."
Nuestra conclusion es que el recurso carece de merito y por tanto debe desestimarse. La mera circunstancia de que los policlas especiales de que se trata hayan sido nombrados como tales por el Alcalde de la ciudad de Manila, no hace que ellos deban ser considerados como funcionarios publicos al igual que los polielas de la ciudad de Manila propiamente. Esun hecho convenido y establecido en autos que los sueldos de dichos polielas especiales se sufraganenteramente de los fondos de la compañia recurrente, no costandole ni un centavo a la ciudad de Manila sus servicios. Tambien es hecho convenido y establecido en autos que, dichos policlas prestan exclusivamente sus servicios a la compañia dentro de los mites territoriales en que esta hace sus operaciones de arrastre en el puerto de Manila. Los nom brami entos expedidos por el Alcalde son mas bien un arreglo especial entre el Alcalde y la compañia para que los referidos policlas puedan verificar arrestos dentro del radio de operaciones de la compañia y de esta manera liacer efectiva la vigilancia de los cargamentos confiados a la misma. Este arreglose ha hecho necesario en vista de las excepcionarisimas condiciones de confusion, desorden y latrocinio que despues de la liberacion han plevalecido en el puerto de Manila, con grave detrirnento de los negocios. Si por este arreglo especial, determinado por circunstancias excepcionalisimas, los policlas especiales de que se trata quedaran convertidos en funcionarios publicos tan solo en virtud de sus nombramientos de emergencia, los mismos, que despues de todo no son mas que obreros y empleados, quedarlan colocados en una situacion harto desventajosa en relacion con los otros empleados y obreros de la compañia, pues mientras estos pueden valerse de todos sus derechos corao obreros para formular demandas razonables de me joramiento, y pueden acudir a la huelga inclusive si fuese necesario, los policlas especiales estarlan completamente privados de todas estas armas y medios legltimos que les asistirlan oomo trabajadores. Este resultado serla completamente contrario a los amplios postulados y fines de la politica de justicia social humanamente adoptada y puesta en practica por nuestro gobierno, y no creemos que la legislature haya abrigado jama's tal proposito al conferir al Alcalde de la ciudad de, Manila la facultad de hacer tales nombramientos.
Los precedentes militan, ademas, en contra de las pretensiones de la compañia recurrente. En el asunto de National Labor Union vs. San Miguel Brewery, (CIR Case No. 26V4) la Corte se declaro competente para conocer del asunto no obstante el nombraraiento de agente especial otorgado a un empleado de la compañia por la Military Police Command. Otra cita tipica es el asunto conocido de Bendix Products Corporation, a saber:
"This is also the rule in labor law. "In Bendix Products Corporation (15 NLRB 965 (1939)), the employer contended that its policemen were not employees within the meaning of the Act because they held commissions as Special Officers from the City of South Bend, Indiana. However said the Board in holding against the contention. The policemen are hired by the Company and are paid by it. There is no basis for finding that they are anything other than employees of the Company.' " (2 Ludwig Teller, Labor Dispute and Collective Bargaining, 748)."En meritos de, lo expuesto, se sobresee el recurso iaterpuesto, con las costas a cargo de la recurrente.
Asl se ordena.
Moran, Paras, Feria, Pablo, Perfecto, Bengzon, Montemayor, and Reyes, JJ., concur.
DISSENTING
TUASON, J.:
The sole question at issue in this case relates to the character of the position of special policemen; namely, whether it is a public office or private employment. It is conceded on both sides that public officers and employees are not embraced by Act No. 103.
As stated in State vs. Hawkins, 257 Pac. 411, 53 A.L.R. 583, to be a public office -
"(1) It must be created by law or by ordinance authorized by law; (2) it must possess some sovereign functions of government to be exercised for public interest; (3) the functions must be defined, expressly or impliedly, by law; (4) the functions must be exercised by an officer directly under the control of the law, not under that of a superior officer, unless they are functions conferred by the law upon inferior officers, who, by law, are under the control of a superior; (5) it must have some permanency or continuity, not temporary or occasional."The respondents possess all these requisites. Like regular policemen, they were appointed by the Mayor of the City of Manila with the approval of the President; they were sworn in by the Mayor, exercise police functions, bear arms, and have the power to make arrests; they are subject to all the laws and regulations of the Manila Police Department and are accountable to the Mayor alone in the performance of their official duties; only the Mayor can remove them.
The only important differences between the respondents and the regular members of the police force are that they receive their salaries from the Manila Terminal Co. Inc. and their jurisdiction does not extend beyond the confines of that Company's premises. But the source of compensation, or the absence of compensation for that matter, does not a with add to or detract from the nature of the position. Compensation is not an ingredient of a public office. Compensation and its source have nothing to do with the status of public officers as such. (Mechem, The Law of Public Officers and Offices, p. 577). The matter of compensation is irrelevant with reference to the holding of a public office or the office itself. (Brown vs. Russel, 166 Mass. 14; Cornejo vs. Gabriel, 41 Phil., 188.) In New York, C. & St. L.R. Co. v. Fieback, 87 Ohio St. 254, 43 L.R.A., it was said: "A policeman who was appointed and commissioned by the governor in pursuance of authority given by statute, although his appointment was on the application of a railroad company and his salary was paid by such company, was a public officer, deriving his authority directly from the state. 'Police officers,' continued the court, 'by whomever appointed or elected, are generally regarded as public or state officers, deriving their authority from the sovereignty, for the purpose of enforcing the observance of the law.' "
The practice of appointing law officers with their salaries paid by the persons or companies they serve is not uncommon in our Government. To mention only two known exampies of this arrangement, we have the Manila Railroad special policemen and public service inspectors.
The scope of a peace officer's territorial jurisdiction is irrelevant to his status as a public officer. This is so because the government is interested in the maintenance of peace and order in all places no matter how limited in area, within its territorial demesne. Similarly, the fact that a policeman's duties are confined to the protection of private interests and property of a specific person or entity does not make him an employee of that person or entity. Thefts and robberies are public crimes, injurious to the public, and prosecuted in the name of the people. They are included among the most important crimes which policemen are appointed to suppress. A police officer is not divested of his official character merely because he is assigned to watch, to the exclusion of all his other official duties, over a particular person's life and property that are exposed to or threatened with destruction. This seems so self-evident and so elemental as to make its exposition sound presumptous and impertinent.
In Monette vs. State, 44 So. 989, the court, citing Shelby vs. Alcorn, 72 Am. Dec. 169, held,: "A public officer is one who has some duty to perform concerning the public and he is not the less a public officer when his duty is confined to narrow limits, because it is the duty and the nature of the duty which makes him a public officer and not the extent of his authority." Mechem, in his wellknown treatise, The Law of Public Officers and Offices, Sec. 9, p. 7, expresses the same idea in identical terms.
The decision says that if special policemen were to be converted into public officers merely in virtue of their emergency appointments, who, after all are no more than laborers and employees, would be placed in a very disadvantageous position in comparison with other employees and laborers of the company, because, it is argued, while the latter could avail themselves of all their rights as laborers to make reasonable demands for improvement and may resort to strikes if necessary, the special policemen would be completely deprived of all these legitimate weapons and means to aid them as laborers. This argument, if valid, might be advanced by the tens of thousands of other officers and employees of the Government. But the right to hold a public office is not a natural or constitutional right from which the right to strike may not be taken away. The decision completely ignores the fact that the respondents, like other public officers and employees, accepted their employment of their own free will fully aware of the restriction in the choice of means imposed upon their freedom to better their lot. Their appointments were not in any way forced on them.
In its practical operation, the decision is fraught with serious consequences. The Manila Terminal Company, Inc., whose only part in the employment of special policemen is to propose shem and to pay their salaries, is made the respondent while the Mayor, who has the exclusive power to suspend, remove or discipline them is beyond the reach of the Court of Inlustrial Relations. Could that court legally prohibit the Mayor from suspending or dismissing special policemen during the settlement of the dispute? While laborers have the right to quit work during a strike unless forbidden to do so by the court, could special policemen, subject to police laws, rules and regulations, refuse to perform their sworn duties without incurring the penalty of the law for desertion or abandonment of their post? And if the court should heed the respondents grievances and demands, would the court's decision prevent the Mayor from "firing" them and thus bring to naught the Court's order? It is enough to ask these and many other questions to see the incongruities and anomalies to which this Court's ruling would lead. The situation stems from the failure to realize that the strike by the members of the respondent union is not in its broad aspect a strike against the Manila Terminal Company, Inc.; it is a strike that strikes to the very bones of official discipline and Government authority, suversive of peace and order which the strikers have taken the oath to preserve.
This is not a brief against the law or policy which prohibits Government officers and employees from staging strikes. If this law or policy is wrong and unjust, a question which is not here and there, it is not for the courts to change it. Let the political departments make the reform and provide that the Government or the appointing officer should be made a party to the dispute.